The Political Life of Malcolm X: From an African American Radical Activist to a Civil Rights Leader

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Khristenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Malcolm X

Navigating Civil Rights and Black Power Struggles

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-158
Author(s):  
Joe William Trotter
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
American Politics ◽  
Black Power ◽  
The Political ◽  
Color Line ◽  
Power Struggles ◽  
Urban League ◽  
National Headquarters ◽  
The 1960S

By the mid-1960s, the political and social terrain on which the Urban League worked had changed dramatically. The Pittsburgh-born children of southern black migrants had come of age and pushed hard against the color line in the city's economy, politics, and institutions. National headquarters and local branches across the country worried about the increasing black nationalist turn in African American politics. But the ULP had helped to establish the postwar groundwork and even models for the fluorescence and even militance of Pittsburgh's Civil Rights and Black Power struggles of the 1960s and early 1970s.

Moral Faith and the Legacy of John Lewis's Political Vision of “Good Trouble”

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Terrence L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
Moral Faith

Abstract The late congressman John Lewis spent most of his political life engaging Black Power's commitment to economic and political freedom through a political vocabulary that aligned with his deeply held beliefs in nonviolence, human rights activism, and moral faith. The tension between the Black radical left and establishment Black politics dates back to Lewis's clash with elite Black leaders over the content of his prepared address for the 1963 March on Washington. The address provides a glimpse into Lewis's complicated political legacy. The youngest speaker at the March, Lewis faced the daunting task of both representing the political philosophy of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and meeting the expectations of established civil rights leaders. Negotiating the political interests of the organizers of the March alongside the demands of SNCC foreshadowed the congressman's political vocation: a lifetime of civil rights advocacy through a politics of respectability and Black Power's political philosophy of freedom and economic transformation. Lewis's political legacy is complicated; and yet, it was fueled by an unabashed commitment to Black freedom struggles, human rights activism, and racial reconciliation.

The National Commitment to Civil Equality, 1861–1870

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-78
Author(s):  
Donald G. Nieman
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The Political ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Act ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Civil War Era

This chapter argues that the Constitution was transformed during the Civil War era, making it a charter of liberty and individual rights rather than a document concerned principally with federal relations, property rights, and protection of slavery. During the war, Republicans, abolitionists, and African American activists tied preservation of the Union to emancipation, culminating in adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment. During Reconstruction the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, Civil Rights Act of 1866, Reconstruction Acts, and Enforcement Acts gave substance to emancipation. Taken together, these measures established color-blind citizenship and guaranteed national protection for the fundamental rights of all citizens. African Americans eagerly grasped these rights and used them to assert their independence of whites. They eagerly participated in the political process, electing state and local officials who were responsive to their demands for equal rights and personal security.

Liberalism Transformed

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Schickler
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
The Political ◽  
Congress Of Industrial Organizations ◽  
Political Work ◽  
Industrial Organizations ◽  
Fair Employment ◽  
The Military

This chapter explores the deepening and consolidation of ideological changes as support for civil rights became a defining commitment of a more robust liberal coalition in the 1940s. African American movement activists capitalized on the World War II crisis to force new civil rights issues onto the political agenda—such as fair employment practices and discrimination in the military—and to forge a much broader civil rights coalition. After the war, continued movement activism laid the groundwork for the dramatic fight over the Democratic platform at the convention in 1948. Ultimately, the political work by African American groups, in cooperation with the Congress of Industrial Organizations and other urban liberals, fostered a new understanding of “liberalism” in which support for civil rights was a key marker of one's identity as a liberal.

Black Samson

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Schipper ◽  
Nyasha Junior
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Civil Rights Era ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Slave Rebellions ◽  
Racial History ◽  
And Gender

The United States has never existed without a Black Samson. Before Harriet Tubman or Martin Luther King, Jr. were identified with Moses, African Americans linked those who challenged racial oppression in America with Samson. In Black Samson: The Untold Story of an American Icon, Nyasha Junior and Jeremy Schipper investigate legal documents, narratives by enslaved persons, speeches, sermons, periodicals, poetry, fiction, and visual arts to tell the unlikely story of how a flawed biblical hero became an iconic figure in America’s racial history. Along the way, Schipper and Junior engage the work of African American luminaries, including Fredrick Douglass, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin, Malcolm X, Huey P. Newton, and many others. From stories of slave rebellions to the Harlem Renaissance to the civil rights era and the Black Power movement, invoking the biblical character of Samson became a powerful way for African American intellectuals, activists, and artists to voice strategies and opinions about many race-related issues, including slavery, education, patriotism, organized labor, civil rights, and gender equality. As this provocative book reveals, the story of Black Samson became a story of America’s contested racial history.

FROM AN OUTCAST TO THE PROPHET: THE EVOLUTION OF MALCOLM X’S RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-209
Author(s):  
Andrey A. Shumakov
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
African American ◽  
Black Population ◽  
The Political ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Political Views ◽  
American Society ◽  
The 1960S

The figure of the radical African-American preacher Malcolm X has always occupied and continues to occupy a special place in the history of the protest movement of the 1960s. This is due to a number of reasons, the main of which was the pronounced ambivalence and inconsistency of the political philosophy of this public figure, who was noted for both ultra-radical religious sermons and rather progressive revolutionary and national liberation ideas at the final stage of his life. The latter, in fact, made him one of the main characters of the “rebellious decade”. While the far-right radicalism of the Harlem preacher faded into the background and began to be perceived as some “mistakes and misconceptions” that were later rethought and overcome. The question of assessing the legacy and personality of Malcolm X has always caused a lot of controversy. On the one hand, his contribution to the development of the movement of the struggle of the Black population for their rights and the formation of the African-American mentality is undeniable; on the other — it can be said that in the academic environment for all this time they practically were not subjected to critical reflection. If, during his lifetime, the ideas of the Harlem preacher were perceived by the vast majority of Americans as frankly marginal, then after his tragic death in 1965, Malcolm X became one of the most popular and iconic figures in recent US history. Any criticism of him began to be perceived extremely painfully. In this article, the author tried to trace the process of formation and evolution of the ideological and political views of Malcolm X, which was the main goal of the study. The main difference from other works on this topic was that in this article, this phenomenon is considered in dynamics, the causes of transformations and the influence of related factors are noted. At the same time, the author tried to identify certain “variables and constants” of the religious and political philosophy of Malcolm X, not only fixing them, but assessing the degree and depth of changes. That led to rather unexpected conclusions on a number of issues, the main of which was the explanation of the reasons for the incredible popularity of Malcolm X in modern American society. The main method of research is materialistic dialectics, which allows considering the political philosophy of Malcolm X in dynamics in accordance with the principle of historicism. Special attention is paid to the issues of radicalism, the transformation of ideological and political views and attitudes to religion, the debunking of myths, stereotypical and hyperbolized ideas about this figure, and the key milestones of his biography. As for the specific historical methods, the historical-genetic and historical-typological approaches are used in this work.

REKAM JEJAK MALCOLM X DALAM PENEGAKAN HAK SIPIL ORANG KULIT HITAM AMERIKA SERIKAT 1957-1965

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Kamal Malik ◽  
Wawan Darmawan
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
The Other ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Du Bois ◽  
The Social ◽  
Elijah Muhammad ◽  
Study Techniques ◽  
The Relationship

This reasearch entitled “Peranan Malcolm X Dalam Perjuangan Hak-Hak Sipil Orang Kulit Hitam Tahun 1957-1965”. The method that used is hirostical method that divided into four steps, those are: heuristics, critique, interpretation and historiography as the tools to collecting data the researcher doing the study techniques with literature review that are relevant to the theme of this research. Based on the results of the study can be explained that Malcolm X or Ell-Haj Malik Ell-Shabbazz is the civil right struggle of blackcs who are quite notable, beside from being a struggler from the black civil rights, he also transformed as an Islamic figure of USA. So many ways that was struggled by Malcolm X to get the civil right of blacks, those are: created the relationship with another leader in the other country such as Kasem Gulick the leader of the Turkish parliament, and make the organization African American unity, attended in Asian African Conferenced in Bandung, make the Malcolm X Foundation. The struggles by Malcolm X are influenced from some prominent figure such as W.E.B Du Bois and Elijah Muhammad. The life of blacks is being well after struggling the civil right that was achieved by Malcolm X, the life of blacks began to rise after the struggles of the civil right by Malcolm X, the level of blacks began to increase, the various employment be able for blacks, the social facilities are not be differentianted, and the rights of election strated evenness.

scholarly journals REKAM JEJAK MALCOLM X DALAM PENEGAKAN HAK SIPIL ORANG KULIT HITAM AMERIKA SERIKAT 1957-1965

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Kamal Malik ◽  
Wawan Darmawan
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
The Other ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Du Bois ◽  
The Social ◽  
Elijah Muhammad ◽  
Study Techniques ◽  
The Relationship

This reasearch entitled “Peranan Malcolm X Dalam Perjuangan Hak-Hak Sipil Orang Kulit Hitam Tahun 1957-1965”. The method that used is hirostical method that divided into four steps, those are: heuristics, critique, interpretation and historiography as the tools to collecting data the researcher doing the study techniques with literature review that are relevant to the theme of this research. Based on the results of the study can be explained that Malcolm X or Ell-Haj Malik Ell-Shabbazz is the civil right struggle of blackcs who are quite notable, beside from being a struggler from the black civil rights, he also transformed as an Islamic figure of USA. So many ways that was struggled by Malcolm X to get the civil right of blacks, those are: created the relationship with another leader in the other country such as Kasem Gulick the leader of the Turkish parliament, and make the organization African American unity, attended in Asian African Conferenced in Bandung, make the Malcolm X Foundation. The struggles by Malcolm X are influenced from some prominent figure such as W.E.B Du Bois and Elijah Muhammad. The life of blacks is being well after struggling the civil right that was achieved by Malcolm X, the life of blacks began to rise after the struggles of the civil right by Malcolm X, the level of blacks began to increase, the various employment be able for blacks, the social facilities are not be differentianted, and the rights of election strated evenness.

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