Software for the Partial Spectroscopy of Human Brain

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.Д. Рыкунов ◽  
S.D. Rykunov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Alpha Rhythm ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Selection Of

The new methodology was developed to calculate spectral characteristics of various compartments of the human brain. This technology combines two types of the spatial data: 1) functional tomogram presenting spatial distribution of the electric sources and 2) anatomical structure of the brain as determined by the magnetic resonance imaging. Presently the functional tomogram is calculated from the multichannel magnetoencephalograms. In the functional tomogram, unique spatial location corresponds to each elementary oscillation. Spatial structure of the brain compartment is generated by the segmentation of magnetic resonance image. The partial spectrum is composed by the selection of frequencies, belonging to this compartment. The software implementing this methodology was developed and applied to partial spectral analysis of the alpha rhythm.

Use of Neuroscience in Criminal Law Doctrine and Criminal Sentencing

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 9-37
Author(s):  
Svetlana V. Polubinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Brain

Modern neuroscience has long expanded beyond the framework of traditional biological and medical sciences that study the central nervous system and human brain. Nowadays researchers aim at exploring the links between the biological processes in the brain and human behavior. There is a growing number of research on social neuroscience investigating the neural basis of social behavior. The progress of such studies is facilitated by application of non-invasive neuroimaging techniques (magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, etc.), which provide the data on brain structure and activity in the form of visual images. The task of criminal law is to conceptualize the results of brain studies used as evidence in criminal courts in a number of countries that have also revived discussions about free will and criminal responsibility. According to foreign authors, neurobiological evidence, including the results of brain imaging, is used in courts at various stages of the process, in particular when determining the defendant’s competency to stand trial and in insanity defense. However, more often they appear in criminal cases of serious violent and sexual crimes in order to confirm the diagnosis of a mental or neurological disorder and/ or brain damage of the defendant and thereby justify the mitigation of punishment. Such evidence is often combined with results of other expert examinations and appear to be a part of a wider picture describing the defendant. International studies also show that the courts are cautious in decisions concerning admissibility of brain scan evidence because of uncertainty about its scientific validity, reliability and relevance to the case. Moreover, the very practice of the presence of such evidence in courts is considered as ambiguous. The opponents refer to insufficient validity and reliability of such evidence and the subjectivity of experts while interpreting the results of brain imaging. There are also problems of reliability of expert conclusions when the group data is applied to the individual case considered in court. The opponents also refer to the complexity and interconnectedness of the human brain, the inability to link complex human behavior to a specific brain area not to mention a causal relationship between specific brain area and specific behavior. The progress of neuroscience has also given an impulse to a new wave of discussions on key issues of legal philosophy and criminal law doctrine. The results of some studies are interpreted as evidence on lack of voluntary nature of human actions and the illusion of free will, since the brain sends a signal to act before a person realizes it. In combination with findings concerning links between specific brain structures and aggression, impulsiveness and the ability to control one’s behavior, these data are used as the ground to justify the revision of traditional doctrinal ideas about guilt and criminal responsibility. However, majority of experts who analyze the use of the results of neurobiological studies in criminal law doctrine and practice disagree with these claims. They acknowledge that such research can contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of human behavior and influence the doctrinal understanding of legal categories, such as guilt and insanity, but they do object against identification of the mind with the brain. The concepts of free will and responsibility are social constructs, and neurosciences are not able to convince society to abandon them.

scholarly journals MRI-based Parcellation and Morphometry of the Individual Rhesus Monkey Brain: a translational system referencing a standardized ontology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jarrett Rushmore ◽  
Sylvain Bouix ◽  
Marek Kubicki ◽  
Yogesh Rathi ◽  
Edward H. Yeterian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Monkey Brain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Human Primate ◽  
Rhesus Monkey Brain

AbstractThe rhesus macaque is the closest animal model to the human, and investigations into the brain of the rhesus monkey has shed light on the function and organization of the primate brain at a scale and resolution not yet possible in studies of the human brain A cornerstone of the linkage between non-human primate and human studies of the brain is magnetic resonance imaging, which allows for an association to be made between the detailed structural and physiological analysis of the non-human primate and that of the human brain. To further this end, we present a novel parcellation system for the rhesus monkey brain, referred to as the monkey Harvard Oxford Atlas (mHOA) which is based on the human Harvard-Oxford Atlas (HOA) and grounded in an ontological and taxonomic framework. Consistent anatomical features were used to delimit and parcellate brain regions in the macaque, which were then categorized according to functional systems. This system of parcellation will be expanded with advances in technology and like the HOA, will provide a framework upon which the results from other experimental studies (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), physiology, connection, graph theory) can be interpreted.

scholarly journals What is feasible with imaging human brain function and connectivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1705) ◽  
pp. 20150361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Ugurbil
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Optical Techniques ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

When we consider all of the methods we employ to detect brain function, from electrophysiology to optical techniques to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we do not really have a ‘golden technique’ that meets all of the needs for studying the brain. We have methods, each of which has significant limitations but provide often complimentary information. Clearly, there are many questions that need to be answered about fMRI, which unlike other methods, allows us to study the human brain. However, there are also extraordinary accomplishments or demonstration of the feasibility of reaching new and previously unexpected scales of function in the human brain. This article reviews some of the work we have pursued, often with extensive collaborations with other co-workers, towards understanding the underlying mechanisms of the methodology, defining its limitations, and developing solutions to advance it. No doubt, our knowledge of human brain function has vastly expanded since the introduction of fMRI. However, methods and instrumentation in this dynamic field have evolved to a state that discoveries about the human brain based on fMRI principles, together with information garnered at a much finer spatial and temporal scale through other methods, are poised to significantly accelerate in the next decade. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interpreting BOLD: a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience’.

Сauses of Dizziness in Patients with Suspected Stroke

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-221
Author(s):  
E. V. Shevchenko ◽  
G. R. Ramazanov ◽  
S. S. Petrikov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Peripheral Vestibulopathy ◽  
Suspected Stroke ◽  
The Brain

Background Acute dizziness may be the only symptom of stroke. Prevalence of this disease among patients with isolated dizziness differs significantly and depends on study design, inclusion criteria and diagnostic methods. In available investigations, we did not find any prospective studies where magnetic resonance imaging, positional maneuvers, and Halmagyi-Curthoys test had been used to clarify a pattern of diseases with isolated acute dizziness and suspected stroke.Aim of study To clarify the pattern of the causes of dizziness in patients with suspected acute stroke.Material and methods We examined 160 patients admitted to N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine with suspected stroke and single or underlying complaint of dizziness. All patients were examined with assessment of neurological status, Dix-Hollpike and Pagnini-McClure maneuvers, HalmagyiCurthoys test, triplex scans of brachiocephalic arteries, transthoracic echocardiography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with magnetic field strength 1.5 T. MRI of the brain was performed in patients without evidence of stroke by CT and in patients with stroke of undetermined etiology according to the TOAST classification.Results In 16 patients (10%), the cause of dizziness was a disease of the brain: ischemic stroke (n=14 (88%)), hemorrhage (n=1 (6%)), transient ischemic attack (TIA) of posterior circulation (n=1 (6%)). In 70.6% patients (n=113), the dizziness was associated with peripheral vestibulopathy: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (n=85 (75%)), vestibular neuritis (n=19 (17%)), Meniere’s disease (n=7 (6%)), labyrinthitis (n=2 (1,3%)). In 6.9% patients (n=11), the cause of dizziness was hypertensive encephalopathy, 1.9% of patients (n=3) had heart rhythm disturbance, 9.4% of patients (n=15) had psychogenic dizziness, 0.6% of patients (n=1) had demyelinating disease, and 0.6% of patients (n=1) had hemic hypoxia associated with iron deficiency anemia.Conclusion In 70.6% patients with acute dizziness, admitted to hospital with a suspected stroke, peripheral vestibulopathy was revealed. Only 10% of patients had a stroke as a cause of dizziness.

Neurometabolic Diseases in Children: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Features

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-268
Author(s):  
Direnç Özlem Aksoy ◽  
Alpay Alkan
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Neurometabolic Disorders ◽  
Brain Involvement ◽  
The Brain

Background: Neurometabolic diseases are a group of diseases secondary to disorders in different metabolic pathways, which lead to white and/or gray matter of the brain involvement. </P><P> Discussion: Neurometabolic disorders are divided in two groups as dysmyelinating and demyelinating diseases. Because of wide spectrum of these disorders, there are many different classifications of neurometabolic diseases. We used the classification according to brain involvement areas. In radiological evaluation, MRI provides useful information for these disseases. Conclusion: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) provides additional metabolic information for diagnosis and follow ups in childhood with neurometabolic diseases.

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