scholarly journals Trafficking and Syrian Refugee Smuggling: Evidence from the Balkan Route

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Mandic
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Human Smuggling ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
Depth Interviews

As of March 2016, 4.8 million Syrian refugees were scattered in two dozen countries by the civil war. Refugee smuggling has been a major catalyst of human trafficking in the Middle East and Europe migrant crises. Data on the extent to which smuggling devolved into trafficking in this refugee wave is, however, scarce. This article investigates how Syrian refugees interact with smugglers, shedding light on how human smuggling and human trafficking interrelated on the Balkan Route. I rely on original evidence from in-depth interviews (n = 123) and surveys (n = 100) with Syrian refugees in Jordan, Turkey, Greece, Serbia, and Germany; as well as ethnographic observations in thirty-five refugee camps or other sites in these countries. I argue that most smugglers functioned as guides, informants, and allies in understudied ways—thus refugee perceptions diverge dramatically from government policy assumptions. I conclude with a recommendation for a targeted advice policy that would acknowledge the reality of migrant-smuggler relations, and more effectively curb trafficking instead of endangering refugees.

scholarly journals The Syrian Refugee Crisis and the Role of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

2019 ◽  
pp. 697-706
Author(s):  
Zahid Shahab Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
Continuous Support ◽  
Syrian Refugee Crisis ◽  
The Arab Spring

Following the Arab Spring, the Middle East is in chaos with ongoing wars in Yemen and Syria. There are millions of Syrians seeking refuge in neighboring countries like Turkey and Lebanon, and in European countries like Greece, Hungary, and Germany. Nonetheless, the largest proportion of Syrian refugees in hosted by neighboring countries needing continuous support of the international community. As the issue of Syrian refugees is transnational, there is a need to look for multilateral options for dealing with the crisis. Thus, the role of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) becomes crucial. Irrespective of being labelled as a ‘talk fest', there is no denying of the fact that OIC has significant potential for tackling grave challenges facing the Muslim world. The problems range from extremism and radicalization to poverty and illiteracy. Now there is the emergent challenge of refugees from the Middle Eastern crisis. This paper evaluates the role of OIC with reference to the Syrian refugee crisis in the Middle East and beyond.

scholarly journals Hatay’daki Suriyeli Mültecilerin Girişimcilik Alanındaki Deneyimleri ve Mekânsal Faktörler

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Olgu Karan ◽  
Bilge Çakır ◽  
Erhan Kurtarır
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Small Business Owners ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Trade Associations ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
Depth Interviews

Bu yazı, Türkiye’de yeni yeni gelişen göçmen küçük işletme sahipleri yazınına, Hatay’ın Samandağ, Defne, Kırıkhan, Reyhanlı ve Antakya ilçelerinde yapılan alan çalışmasını Bourdieu’nun alan kuramını işlemselleştirerek katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır.  Araştırmanın temel sorusu, farklı ilçelerin demografik ve sosyo–kültürel yapısının Suriyeli mültecilerin küçük işletme deneyimlerini nasıl etkilediğidir. Saha çalışması, saha gözlemleri, 30 küçük işletmecinin yanı sıra Hatay’ın ilçelerinde bulunan Esnaf ve Sanatkârlar Odası ile Antakya Ticaret Odası’ndan 4 yetkiliyle yapılan derinlemesine mülakatlardan oluşmaktadır. Bugüne kadar birçok çalışmada elde edilen bulguların, alanın ve ilçelerin yapısını hesaba katmadığı, sadece Suriyeli mültecilerin girişimcilik stratejilerine, özelliklerine, oluşturdukları ve sahip oldukları sermaye türlerine odaklandığı görülmüştür. Bu tür araştırmaların bütünlüklü ve ilişkisel bir araştırma ortaya koyamayıp, girişimcilerin alanla ilişkili olarak karşılaştıkları zorlukları ve bunların üstesinden gelmek için geliştirdikleri stratejileri ve adaptasyon süreci farklılıklarını anlamaktan uzak kaldığı da bir gerçektir. Bu bağlamda Türkiye’deki Suriyeli esnaflar yazınında oluşan kolaycılığa kaçan genellemeci, farklı yerel etkenlere bağlı olarak oluşan dinamikleri, deneyimleri ve “entegrasyon” stratejilerini gözden kaçıran eğilimler bu çalışmada eleştirilmektedir. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH Syrian Refugees Entrepreneurial Experiences and Spatial Factors in Hatay, Turkey This study aims to contribute to the emerging scholarship on Syrian Refugee entrepreneurship in Turkey by utilising Bourdieusian field theory. The main research question of the paper is as follows: How demographic and socio-cultural structures of different districts of Hatay impact on the experiences of Syrian Refugee entrepreneurship in Hatay, Turkey? The research employs field observations and 34 in-depth interviews with 30 small business owners from Syrian refugees in various trades and 4 key persons from trade associations in the districts of Hatay province such as Samandağ, Defne, Antakya, Kırıkhan and Reyhanlı. The research illustrates those demographic, economic and socio-cultural differences within the districts of Hatay province lead to differentiated entry possibilities, barriers, and strategies for Syrian refugees in small business ownership.

scholarly journals Manzuaat wa Musharadat, Uprooted and Scattered: Refugee Women Escape Journey and the Longing to Return to Syria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niveen Rizkalla ◽  
Suher Adi ◽  
Nour Khaddaj Mallat ◽  
Laila Soudi ◽  
Rahma Arafa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Single Woman ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Refugee Women ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
Narrative Methodology ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Depth Interviews

ObjectiveViolent conflict forced millions of Syrians to flee their homes to host countries. This study examines Syrian refugee women’s experiences from the war’s outset through their journey to Jordan. It addresses the toll this journey had on their lives.MethodsTwenty-four in-depth interviews were completed with Syrian refugee women who currently reside in urban areas of Jordan. Researchers translated, transcribed, and analyzed the interviews using group narrative methodology.ResultsThe Syrian women had unique nostalgic memories of times before the war. They experienced atrocities during the war that forced their decision to escape Syria. Their journey narratives testify of internal displacement, personal and collective traumatic journeys via legal and illegal routes. Almost all the women were placed in refugee camps during their transitions to host country residency. In Jordan, they faced diverse hurdles of displacement and extremely different realities compared to the ones they had in Syria. Despite how very different but difficult each of their journeys were, every single woman longed to return home to Syria.ConclusionsThis study presents a new understanding of the role and process of the journeys undertaken and highlights the concept of “return” as the defining element for Syrian refugee women. Regardless of the hardships women endured to escape their homeland to find safety, “return” marks an ending to their horror journey and the beginning of a new journey of hope for a better future.

Le Liban, entre révoltes arabes et conflit syrien: un exercice de flexibilité

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Trombetta
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Great Ability ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Current Transition

Since the beginning of the Syrian uprising in Spring 2011, the social, economic and political Lebanese landscape – described as one of the most unstable and fragile of the Middle East – has unexpectedly showed a great ability in absorbing the effects of the crisis. The massive influx of Syrian refugees and the prolonged status of war in Syria have indeed exacerbated the pre-existent domestic political and sectarian tensions in various Lebanese regions. But the country appears far from being on the brink of a new nationwide ‘civil war’. This paper intends to discuss the exceptional flexibility of the Lebanese system in the light of its modern and contemporary history and to examine the crucial role played by local actors in the current transition.

scholarly journals The Syrian Refugee Crisis and the Role of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

2017 ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
Zahid Shahab Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
Continuous Support ◽  
Syrian Refugee Crisis ◽  
The Arab Spring

Following the Arab Spring, the Middle East is in chaos with ongoing wars in Yemen and Syria. There are millions of Syrians seeking refuge in neighboring countries like Turkey and Lebanon, and in European countries like Greece, Hungary, and Germany. Nonetheless, the largest proportion of Syrian refugees in hosted by neighboring countries needing continuous support of the international community. As the issue of Syrian refugees is transnational, there is a need to look for multilateral options for dealing with the crisis. Thus, the role of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) becomes crucial. Irrespective of being labelled as a ‘talk fest', there is no denying of the fact that OIC has significant potential for tackling grave challenges facing the Muslim world. The problems range from extremism and radicalization to poverty and illiteracy. Now there is the emergent challenge of refugees from the Middle Eastern crisis. This paper evaluates the role of OIC with reference to the Syrian refugee crisis in the Middle East and beyond.

scholarly journals Migration and Uncertainties: The Ordeal of Syrian Women Refugees with Missing Spouses

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Hakan Gülerce
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Women Refugees ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Refugee Population ◽  
The Troubles ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
Temporary Accommodation

The ongoing civil war in Syria has caused millions of people to migrate across the border in order to save their lives. However, as they reached on safer grounds, they were left homeless. This migration has been occurring intensively to countries with borders neighboring Syria. Turkey has the highest number of refugees among Syria’s neighboring countries, harboring close to four million Syrian refugees. There are only a small proportion of the Syrian refugee population living in temporary accommodation centers as the larger part is scattered throughout the various provinces of Turkey. Although they encounter certain problems that relate to different provinces, most of the troubles experienced by the refugees are common to all of them.

Panji Hitam Dari Arah Timur

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Dadi Herdiansah
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Conflict Area ◽  
Middle East Conflict ◽  
The World ◽  
Information Spread

One of the information spread about the arrival of the Mahdi priest was that he led the war troops by carrying a black banner from the east. This information comes from several histories in several hadith books. Pro contra has occurred in response to this history. The Muslim groups who believe in the truth of this black banner tradition have flocked from all corners of the world to the Middle East conflict area which is believed and believed there is a group of mujahids carrying black banner as mentioned by the hadith. Even in the conflict area there was mutual claim between the factions that their faction was mentioned by the hadith carrying its black banner, so that even from one another, civil war was not inevitable in some places. But what is the origin of the hadith? This note is the adoptive writer to criticize the hadith by issuing all of his paths with the takhrīj al-hadīth method, Jarh wa ta'dīl and ‘Ilalu al-hadīth.

Bir güvensizlik ülkesi olarak Türkiye’nin mültecileri, Suriyeliler ve Türk mülteciler

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Sirkeci
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Member States ◽  
Refugee Population ◽  
Syrian Crisis ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
Generous Support ◽  
The Eu

Doğu ve güney komşuları üzerinde gelen göç akınlarının ve üye ülkeler arasındaki göçlerin artışıyla Avrupa Birliği (AB) en büyük krizlerinden birini yaşamaktadır. Avrupa’daki en ana tartışma konuları arasında Avrupa’ya göçü ve AB içindeki göçü sınırlamak ve üye ülkeler arasında mülteci kotası ve külfet paylaşımına yapılan itirazlar yer aldı. Bu krizde Türkiye anahtar ülke olarak ortaya çıktı ve ülkedeki büyük Suriyeli mülteci nüfusu ve bu nüfusun Avrupa’ya gitmesini engellemesi karşılığında vaat edilen milyarlarca Avro nedeniyle tartışmaların odağında yer aldı. Suriye krizi 4,8 milyon mülteci yarattı ve 2016 yılı sonu itibariyle bunların 2,8 milyonu Türkiye’de ikamet etmekteydi. Suriyeli mültecilere karşı cömert tavrıyla Türkiye güvenli bir ülke olarak tescil edilmiş oldu. Bu, hikayenin daha karanlık bir başka yüzünü gölgelemektedir. Çünkü aynı ülkenin vatandaşları 1980 askeri darbesinden bu yana milyonu aşkın sığınma başvurusu yaptılar. Ülkenin bugünkü şartları ve yeni veriler, Türkiye’den AB’ye yönelen daha çok mülteci akını olacağını gösteriyor. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHTurkey’s refugees, Syrians and refugees from Turkey: a country of insecurityThe European Union (EU) has faced one of its biggest crises with the rise of population inflows through its Eastern and Southern neighbours as well as movements within the Union. In 2016, the main debate that dominated Europe was on restricting migration within and into the EU along with concerns and objections to the refugee quota systems and the sharing of the burden among member states. Turkey emerged as a ‘gate keeper’ in this crisis and has since been at the centre of debates because of the large Syrian refugee population in the country and billions of Euros it was promised to prevent refugees travelling to Europe. The Syrian crisis produced over 4.8 million refugees with over 2.8 million were based in Turkey by the end of 2016. Turkey with its generous support for Syrian refugees has been confirmed as a ‘country of security’. This shadows the darker side of affairs as the very same country has also produced millions of asylum seekers since the 1980 military coup. Current circumstances and fresh evidence indicate that there will be more EU bound refugees coming through and from Turkey. 

On South Sudan, in English. Review of the Books by Peter Martell “First Raise A Flag: How South Sudan Won the Longest War but Lost the Peace” and John Young “South Sudan’s Civil War: Violence, Insurgency and Failed Peacemaking”

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
Anna Sharova
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Civil War ◽  
English Language ◽  
South Sudan ◽  
International Governance ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Graham Greene ◽  
The Future ◽  
Independent Country ◽  
Spot Analysis

Anna Sharova reviews two recent books separately published by two English language authors – P. Martell and J. Young. The books are very different in style and mood. While P. Martell presents an excellent example of British journalist prose in the style of his elder compatriots Somerset Maugham and Graham Greene, who did their reporting and writing from exotic countries during fateful periods of history, J. Young offers a more academic, though no less ‘on the spot’ analysis of the situation in the youngest independent country of Africa. J. Young’s considers two possible approaches to conflict resolution as possible outcomes: non-intervention cum continuation of the war, or the introduction of international governance. P. Martell comes up with a disappointing prediction about the future of South Sudan. The war will go on, the famine will return, and the threat of genocide will not disappear. People will continue to flee the country, and refugee camps will grow. New warring groups will appear, new murders will be committed. Neighbouring states will not stop competing for influence and resources. New peacekeepers will arrive. Warlords will be accused of crimes, but, as before, they will escape punishment, while some will be promoted.

Refugees’ dehumanization in the Spanish media: A corpus-assisted study within the semantic preference framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gema Alcaraz-Mármol ◽  
Jorge Soto-Almela
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Digital Libraries ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Manual Analysis ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
The Media

AbstractThe dehumanization of migrants and refugees in the media has been the object of numerous critical discourse analyses and metaphor-based studies which have primarily dealt with English written news articles. This paper, however, addresses the dehumanizing language which is used to refer to refugees in a 1.8-million-word corpus of Spanish news articles collected from the digital libraries of El Mundo and El País, the two most widely read Spanish newspapers. Our research particularly aims to explore how the dehumanization of the lemma refugiado is constructed through the identification of semantic preferences. It is concerned with synchronic and diachronic aspects, offering results on the evolution of refugees’ dehumanization from 2010 to 2016. The dehumanizing collocates are determined via a corpus-based analysis, followed by a detailed manual analysis conducted in order to label the different collocates of refugiado semantically and classify them into more specific semantic subsets. The results show that the lemma refugiado usually collocates with dehumanizing words that express, by frequency order, quantification, out-of-control phenomenon, objectification, and economic burden. The analysis also demonstrates that the collocates corresponding to these four semantic subsets are unusually frequent in the 2015–16 period, giving rise to seasonal collocates strongly related to the Syrian civil war and other Middle-East armed conflicts.

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