Pears (Pyrus pylifolia L.) are cultivated nationwide as one of the most economically important fruit trees in Korea. At the end of October 2019, bleeding canker was observed in a pear orchard located in Naju, Jeonnam Province (34°53′50.54″ N, 126°39′00.32″ E). The canker was observed on trunks and branches of two 25-year-old trees, and the diseased trunks and branches displayed partial die-back or complete death. When the bark was peeled off from the diseased trunks or branches, brown spots or red streaks were found in the trees. Bacterial ooze showed a rusty color and the lesion was sap-filled with a yeasty smell. Trunks displaying bleeding symptoms were collected from two trees. Infected bark tissues (3 × 3 mm) from the samples were immersed in 70% ethanol for 1 minute, rinsed three times in sterilized water, ground to fine powder using a mortar and pestle, and suspended in sterilized water. After streaking each suspension on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar, the plates were incubated at 25°C without light for 2 days. Small yellow-white bacterial colonies with irregular margins were predominantly obtained from all the samples. Three representative isolates (ECM-1, ECM-2 and ECM-3) were subjected to further characterization. These isolates were cultivated at 39 C, and utilized (-)-D-arabinose, (+) melibiose, (+)raffinose, mannitol and myo-inositol but not 5-keto-D-gluconate, -gentiobiose, or casein. These isolates were identified as Dickeya sp. based on the sequence of 16S rRNA (MT820458-820460) gene amplified using primers 27f and 1492r (Heuer et al. 2000). The 16S rRNA sequences matched with D. fangzhongdai strain ND14b (99.93%; CP009460.1) and D. fangzhongdai strain PA1(99.86%; CP020872.1). The recA, fusA, gapA, purA, rplB, and dnaX genes and the intergenic spacer (IGS) regions were also sequenced as described in Van der wolf et al. (2014). The recA (MT820437-820439), fusA (MT820440-820442), gapA (MT820443-820445), purA (MT820446-820448), rplB (MT820449-820451), dnaX (MT820452-820454) and IGS (MT820455-820457) sequences matched with D. fangzhongdai strains JS5, LN1 and QZH3 (KT992693-992695, KT992697-992699, KT992701-992703, KT992705-992707, KT992709-992711, KT992713-992715, and KT992717-992719, respectively). A neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated recA, fusA, gapA, purA, rplB, dnaX and IGS sequences placed the representative isolates within a clade comprising D. fangzhongdai. ECM-1 to 3 were grouped into a clade with one strain isolated from waterfall, D. fangzhongdai ND14b from Malaysia. Pathogenicity test was performed using isolate ECM-1. Three two-year-old branches and flower buds on 10-year-old pear tree (cv. Nittaka), grown at the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science Pear Research Institute (Naju, Jeonnam Province in Korea), were inoculated with 10 μl and 2 μl of a bacterial suspension (108 cfu/ml), respectively, after wounding inoculation site with a sterile scalpel (for branch) or injecting with syringe (for flower bud). Control plants were inoculated with water. Inoculated branches and buds in a plastic bag were placed in a 30℃ incubator without light for 2 days (Chen et al. 2020). Both colorless and transparent bacterial ooze and typical bleeding canker were observed on both branches and buds at 3 and 2 weeks post inoculation, respectively. No symptoms were observed on control branches and buds. This pathogenicity assay was conducted three times. We reisolated three colonies from samples displaying the typical symptoms and checked the identity of one by sequencing the dnaX locus. Dickeya fangzhongdai has been reported to cause bleeding canker on pears in China (Tian et al. 2016; Chen et al. 2020). This study will contribute to facilitate identification and control strategies of this disease in Korea. This is the first report of D. fangzhongdai causing bleeding canker on pears in Korea.
Regulation of Flowering Timing by ABA-NnSnRK1 Signaling Pathway in Lotus
