scholarly journals UKRAINIAN GREEK CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY: THE ANALYSIS OF MODERN HISTORIOGRAPHY

2018 ◽  
pp. 34-38
Author(s):  
T. Pshenychnyi
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Church History ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
National Movement ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
History Of

Ukrainian Church History is a great field for scientific research. The 20th century was a kind of test for the survival and self-determination of Ukrainian churches. Through the spread of general pressure on the Ukrainian national movement, a repression mechanism was introduced against the Institute of the Church as an integral part of the social life of Ukrainian people in the Soviet Union. A characteristic feature of the anti-church campaign in the Ukrainian SSR was the introduction of a “new” model of social relations, built on the principles of atheism and godlessness. The only legal national church until March 1946, which opposed this path, was the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. In the second half of the 20th century its clergy, while in an unlawful position in the USSR, remained in the center of the Ukrainian resistance movement against the Soviet system. The article presents the modern view of domestic and foreign scholars on the history of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the second half of the 20th century. On the basis of a broad historiographic base, an attempt was made to show the place of the UGCC in the Ukrainian national movement, its influence on the democratization of social processes in the second half of the 1980s, and others. Thanks to the works of foreign historians, the relevance of church issues in the study of socio-political processes in the USSR is shown. According to some scholars, ignoring this it is impossible to understand the phenomenon of the national movement itself, including in the western regions of the Ukrainian SSR.

Ethnic and Class Stratification in Soviet Kazakhstan, 1917–39

1975 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lane
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Class Stratification ◽  
History Of ◽  
Analytical Category ◽  
The Impact

In the sociological literature, the study of inter-ethnic relations has been dominated either by the problem of the black-white conflict in the U.S.A. or by the controversy over whether social relations in colonial and excolonial countries are ‘pluralistic’. The history of the Soviet Union provides quite a different context in which various ethnic groups, each with peculiar traditions and languages and at various levels of social, political and economic development, have interacted one with another. Study of the Soviet Union enables one to compare the role of Marxist-Leninist ideology in an ethnically mixed community with the usual examples of the impact of religious and ‘imperialist’ belief systems, and it may help to clarify whether ‘ethnic group’ is a useful analytical category or whether ‘ethnic relations’ can be explained in terms of the more traditional classifications of class, status and power.

scholarly journals History and Socio-Political Conditions of Preparation of the Polish Constitutions from 1919 to 1997

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Boris Kindyuk ◽  
Mykhailo Kelman ◽  
Vasyl Patlachuk ◽  
Olexander Patlachuk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Article Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Political Economic

The purpose of article deals with the study of history of preparation and the reasons for the adoption of the Polish Constitutions in the period from 1919 to 1997 years. Research methods: dialectical, chronological, comparative, system-structural. Main results. The article shows that the history of the preparation of the Polish Constitutions in the period from 1919 to 1997 years occurred under the conditions of constant changes of socio-political factors, which was reflected in the state system, political, economic and social relations, rights and freedoms of the population. It is proved that the history of Polish constitutionalism has evolved in a complex vector from the insignificant in volume and scientific level of the Little Constitution of 1919, which was adopted in conditions of armed confrontation with Soviet Russia, to the 1997 Constitution, which complies with European standards. The influence of the historical personality of Marshal Jozef Pilsudski was investigated, who became the sponsor of the rebirth of independent Poland on the history of the preparation and adoption of the Polish Constitutions of 1919, 1921 years and the Constitution of 1935 in which the President of the country was given dictatorial powers during the period of war. It is shown that the Constitution of 1952, which was written according to Soviet models and based on instructions received from Moscow, had to consolidate in Poland a socialist model in which the Polish United Workers Party had a leading role in society. It is shown that the collapse of the Soviet Union led to the elimination of the communist system in Poland, the rise to power of democratic forces, which resulted the adoption Constitution 1997. The peculiarity of the Constitutional process was the fact that for the first time in the history of Poland on 25th May 1997 a referendum was held regarding its adoption. The Constitution 1997 was adopted in the context of a transition from command-administrative to a democratic system of government, so its content is marked by a democratic nature that ensured the creation of private ownership of all means of production and free trade. The historical reasons of the drafting of the Polish Constitutions have undergone a complex dynamic, which is connected with political changes in the country, which is reflected in the content of the ideas, doctrinal views and Basic Laws. The practical significance of the study lies in the use of Polish historical experience in the development of event scenarios in Ukraine in order to prevent errors in modern state-making. Originality. A comprehensive study of the history of Polish constitutionalism, taking into account socio-political reasons. Article type: descriptive.

scholarly journals Sergey Rumyancev, Ускользающая современность: постсоветская модернизация Азербайджана / Vanishing Modernity: The Post-Soviet Modernization of Azerbaijan

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 136-147
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern State ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas

The article focuses on the debates situation of post-soviet modernization and transformation of Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijani economy failed to become a market economy, and remains instead predominantly based on the extraction and sale of oil and natural gas. Cities are being ruralised instead of the urbanization of rural areas. In its turn, industrialization ended together with the Soviet Union. A more or less tangible individualization and fragmentation of social life are not part of the history of post-Soviet Azerbaijan either. The political and economic systems of Azerbaijan are an imitation of a modern state. It is an example of a simulacrum state and a total imitation of modern political institutions and relations. In other words: The political regime in Azerbaijan is a complex of imitative practices, relations and “institutional camouflages” that enable a broad international presentation of Azerbaijan, effectively privatized by a small group of people, as a modern state that exists in reality.

scholarly journals Problems and issues of national development in the newspaper "Kazakh adebieti"

2018 ◽  
pp. 368-374
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Social Life ◽  
National Development ◽  
Native Land ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Power ◽  
Almost All

Literary, cultural and art newspaper of an independent Republic of Kazakhstan – ‘Kazakh literature’ was a judge of justice and truth, and a preacher of national power having the trouble in its eighty five years of history. The edition had a mission to build and develop social concept leading the culture of the nation for the purpose of the country. It has been a part of history of the country being the source of political and social life of the nation. Many problems of the country had been solved by courtesy of the newspaper which couldn’t be ignored. During the Soviet Union the paper supported the mission of the nation in spite of Communist party which was cruel and violent. Because of it, the editors of the edition were precarious between fifties and eighties. Almost all the leaders of the newspaper were well-known writers, poets, publicists and personalities who showed them to be the real sons of their nation. During all periods of its history, the national edition united around itself and brought up ardent publicists, and with the power of a sharp word they fought for the bright future of their native land, for the fulfillment of the nation’s cherished desires. Therefore, from the mid-1950s to the 1980s, its editors-in-chief did not stay long in their post.

Michael Beizer (ed.), Toledot yehudei rusiyah, vol. 3, Mimapekhot 1917 ’ad nefilat brit hamo’atzot (History of the Jews in Russia: From the Revolutions of 1917 to the Fall of the Soviet Union). Jerusalem: The Zalman Shazar Center for Jewish History, 2015. 161 pp.

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
National Movement ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Complete History ◽  
Market Towns

This chapter reviews the book Toledot yehudei rusiyah, vol. 3, Mimapekhot 1917 ’ad nefilat brit hamo’atzot (History of the Jews in Russia: From the Revolutions of 1917 to the Fall of the Soviet Union) (2015), edited by Michael Beizer. History of the Jews in Russia offers a complete history of the Jews in Russia from the revolutions of 1917 to the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The book consists of thirteen chapters covering topics such as Vladimir Levin’s fine portrait of “the Jewish street” before 1914; the Jewish national movement; the Jewish intelligentsia; Jewish urbanization and secularization; and the flood of migration from the market towns of the Pale of Settlement to the industrial and administrative metropolitan centers that sprang up in Soviet Russia during the interwar years.

Authoritarian Societies and Journalism

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Dragomir
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Press Freedom ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Journalism ◽  
Printed Word

In spite of journalism’s transnational nature, there is no common history of the subject and thus no common history of journalism in authoritarian societies, a field which can only be studied by bringing together historical facts about journalism in societies that experienced authoritarian regimes at some point in their history. Journalism in authoritarian societies is closely linked with forms of manipulation and censorship. While censorship is older than journalism, it was the rise of journalism as a profession that prompted authoritarian states to develop fully fledged censorship mechanisms and systems. The first forms of censorship of the printed word were introduced by the Catholic Church shortly after the printing press was invented in the 16th century. But it was from the 17th century on that censorship models aimed at controlling the emergent periodical press were created by absolutist monarchies. Secular institutions gradually took over censorship from the church, developing a more complex control system that would methodically check on the printed information distributed widely to the general public. While censorship systems were scrapped in most of Europe for a short period during the 19th century, the following century saw the rise of more sophisticated and repressive forms of censorship. They were developed by fascist dictatorships in several European countries and by the Soviet system in Russia. These models, particularly the Soviet propaganda system, influenced a spate of authoritarian regimes in communist nations all over the globe during the Cold War. The collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s sounded the death knell of a series of authoritarian regimes, heralding an era of press freedom and independent journalism. But many regimes, particularly in the former Soviet Union, soon revived old authoritarian practices to keep their people under control. In spite of the limitations on journalistic coverage in authoritarian societies, journalists reacted in various ways to all sorts of authoritarian practices, ranging from harsh censorship systems to less intrusive, yet effective, controlling mechanisms. They did so either by seizing opportunities that appeared during more relaxed political times or by developing circumvention tools that allowed them to reach out to their audiences. The rise of the Internet brought about new opportunities for journalism to reach and engage audiences, as governments struggle to push back by designing new forms of control and censorship.

scholarly journals Chinese Workers in the History of the Mongolian People’s Republic in the 1950s–1960s: Cooperation, Politics, Ideology

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
Urangua Khereid Jamsran ◽  
◽  
Polyanskayа Oksana N. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Economic Interaction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Workers ◽  
The 1950S

The article is devoted to one of the historic periods of Mongolia of the 20th century, when the Mongolian People’s Republic built the foundations of a socialist society, and key modernization processes took place with the support of the Soviet Union. The economic component of Soviet-Mongolian relations was dominant at that time. However, the assistance from the People’s Republic of China played a definitely important role in the economic development and formation of modern Mongolian society. Labour constraint was one of the main difficulties in promoting industrial economy in Mongolia. The study of the Mongolian-Chinese economic cooperation is also relevant today, despite the influence of the “third force” in Mongolia’s foreign policy. Russian and Chinese directions are in priority. In this regard, it is important to refer to the experience accumulated by countries in the field of economic interaction, which determined the purpose of the publication ‒ to study one of the aspects of Mongolian-Chinese cooperation in the 1950s and early 1960s, namely, the employment of Chinese labour in Mongolia based on a rich source base, including both the published documents and documents from the National Archives of Mongolia, as well as historical works by Russian and Mongolian authors, and to consider such issues as the role of foreign labour, in particular, Chinese workforce in the industrialization of Mongolia, traffic of foreign workers into the Mongolian People’s Republic, and then their family members, the employment of Chinese workers, ideological and cultural events organized by party officials of the Chinese Communist Party. The research methodology is specified by the principles of scientific objectivity, historicism and historical determinism. The work uses both universal scientific methods and special methods of historical research determined by the formulated problem and includes problem-chronological method, comparative analysis method, and systemic method. The study revealed that the employment of workers from the PRC in Mongolia took place within the framework of the diplomatic relations established in 1949 and based on the agreements reached in 1956, 1958 and 1960 in respect of providing economic and technical assistance. It was emphasized that Chinese workers became an integral part of the changing Mongolian society for almost a decade, from 1955 to 1964. The Mongolian side fulfilling bilateral agreements on the working conditions of Chinese employees opened schools for Chinese children, created additional medical centers where Chinese doctors worked, and so on; all this introduced some adjustments to the everyday life of Mongolian society in the mid-20th century. Today, the process of rethinking, re-evaluating the path traversed by Mongolia throughout the 20th century continues, the external conditions of the Mongolian People’s Republic are being revised, so a detailed reference to its history can contribute to the formation of a more objective approach to this process.

scholarly journals REVIEW OF JEAN LOPEZ & LASHA OTKHMEZURI, JOUKOV: L`HOMME QUI A VAINCU HITLER

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Jan-Erik Lane
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
French Military ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic

Most of the history of the Baltic States in the 20th century is completely dominated by their relation to the Eastern giant, the Soviet Union. What the Soviet Union represented was not only an authoritarian, and at times, totalitarian rulership but also a constant fear of the unpredictable. Two French military historians, connected with the journal Guerre et Histoire, have recently managed to go through newly opened archives in Russia to unveil the unpredictable career of the most distinguished commander of the Red Army, Gregory Zhukov. Their book entirely confirms the impression among Baltic people that the Soviet Union was fundamentally instable in the sense that anything could happen: state arbitrariness. [...]

scholarly journals ISTVÁN UDVARI’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE REHABILITATION OF ANTONY HODINKA’S SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 364-378
Author(s):  
Yelyzaveta BARAN ◽  
Adalbert BARAN
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Scientific Heritage ◽  
Language History ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
History Of

The merit of István Udvari is enormous in the field of investigation of Ukrainian language history, the Ukrainian and Rusyn historical dialectology, the language of the Bachka-Srem Rusyns, the Ukrainian and Ruthenian Studies in Hungary, the Ukrainian-Hungarian and the Rusyn-Hungarian interlingual contacts, the identification, study and publication of the ancient Eastern and South Slavic written monuments; it was he who brought back to the science the forgotten linguists, historians, and other cultural figures. A significant contribution to the «rehabilitation» of the scientific activity of the scientist Antony (Antal) Hodinka belongs to Professor Udvari. A. Hodinka (1864–1946) is a famous historian, philologist, folklorist, publicist, and educator. He made a significant contribution to the development of Transcarpathia and Hungary's history and culture, particularly the history of the Greek Catholic Church, Hungarian-Slavic and Hungarian-Eastern Slavic historical and interlingual contacts. With the accession of Transcarpathia to the Soviet Union, with the ban on the functioning of the Greek Catholic Church, the activity of A. Hodinka was forgotten for many decades. The article aims to investigate and properly evaluate the scientific heritage of A. Hodinka through István Udvari's scientific research. Keywords: István Udvari, University of Nyíregyháza, history of Transcarpathia, prominent figures of Transcarpathia, Antony Hodinka.

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