BLOGS AS NEW MEANS IN MODERN COMMUNICATION

The information scope of the last decade has been realized in the integration of various ways of communication into interactive information networks. Combining texts, images, symbols and sounds in one system in a global network and providing accessible and inexpensive access, dramatically changes the nature of social communication. The history of journalism has its stages of development: from ancient to modern forms, from signs to modern information technologies. If the previous centuries are properly described and analyzed by the researchers, the new means of communication require more study. The proposed study attempts to analyze blogs as new means in modern communication. Blogging is somewhat different from journalism in its predominant communicative function, which in traditional media is only available live on radio and television, but information is often censored by a moderator, an editor, who determines who to broadcast and when to do it. The study focuses on whether a blog is a form of new journalism or a new journalistic genre that has entered mass communication. The article as an applied aspect considers ten most popular Ukrainian bloggers on Instagram based on the results of the analysis of online publications. It is concluded that the blogs are powerful producers of information and, as a consequence, correlators of network information flows. Blogging and journalism are two types of mass information and communication activities, between which there are common and different, but both types have a moral responsibility for the content. The websites and social networks systematically provide rankings of the most popular blogs. In such cases, the authors, their age, number of subscribers, topics and a short history of the author are shown, and details of the private life of bloggers are usually displayed. It attracts the attention of the consumer of information.

The Effect of the Pushkin Speech in Russian Journalism

The article presents a systematic analysis of the Russian press of 1880, which actively responded to Dostoevsky’s Pushkin Speech. The interpretive boom around his speech is of particular interest for the study of the formative processes of public and national consciousness in Russia. In the history of journalism, the debates that took place at that time can be equated with modern information wars. At the same time, this episode is one of the decisive ones for the ‘Dostoevsky problem’ in criticism and, more broadly, in the Russian public consciousness. The “Pushkin Speech” was obviously of a unifying nature, but it, and even more so the 1880 “A Writer’s Diary,” caused a severe split in journalism, which reflected the mindset of the Russian society. At first, there is a change of semantic accents in telegrams and correspondence, and then the key concept of "panhumanity" is presented exclusively as a “dream” in publications opposing Dostoevsky, one that is not only incompatible with reality, but also distracts from pressing socio-economic problems. There is also an expansion in meaning in the form of the notorious “messianism” of Dostoevsky. The most commonly used concept used by journalists that are hostile to the writer is mysticism as a euphemism for faith. In parallel, a different understanding of the Pushkin speech is being formed in some publications (Mysl’, Nedelya, Novoe Vremya, a little later — Rus’). It views it as a verbalization of the national idea in its focus on the panhuman as a feasible ideal. The dispute that ensued around Dostoevsky’s speech led to the self-determination of the leading trends of Russian thought.

Editorial Strategies of Hungarian Women Editors in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century

While significant research has been done on periodicals for women readers published in Hungary in the second half of the nineteenth century, little is known about the editors of these periodicals. This article offers a brief discussion of how Hungarian women’s editorial strategies differed from those adopted by their male colleagues. It argues that although periodicals edited by women tended to feature more female literary authors than those edited by men, they generally had no aim of creating a female group consciousness. The essay then goes on to focus on one significant exception, the first periodical edited by a woman in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Emília Kánya's (1828–1905) Családi Kör [Family Circle] (1860–80), which, on the contrary, connected its marketing strategy with female community building. The analysis draws on insights from the fields of women’s studies, history of literature, and history of journalism.

The transformation of normative approaches to journalism in Croatian academic literature from socialism to post-socialism

This paper shows changes in the normative expectations of journalism through‎ an analysis of articles published in Croatian scientific journals about journalism‎ in three time periods: socialism, the transition period, and the period of‎ democratic consolidation. Using qualitative content analysis we identify a‎ total of fifteen themes related to journalism (journalistic norms, regulation,‎ sensationalism, investigative journalism, journalism and PR, organizational‎ aspects, war reporting, technological aspects, gender and journalism, media‎ freedom, democratic aspects, economic aspects, journalism education, the‎ function of journalism in a political system, and the history of journalism) and‎ nine normative roles for journalists ( gatekeeper, social-political worker, public‎ sphere promoter, watchdog, commercial role, emancipatory role, neutral‎ disseminator, advocacy role, defender of democracy). We used quantitative‎ content analysis to analyze the distribution of themes and roles. The results‎ show no unambiguous perception of journalism in academic papers during the‎ different time periods as is generally assumed in the literature on ‎media democratization and the media in transitional countries in general.

Journalists about Journals: Textbook Review Russian Magazines of the 19th— early 20th Centuries

The 2021 publication of the MGIMO editorial, a textbook called Russian Magazines of the 19th — early 20th Centuries is a collection of articles by the faculty of the School of international journalism. The collection gives an idea of the formation and development of Russian journalism at the turn of the centuries, the Silver age of the Russian culture. It is this period that is marked by epochal events that have radically changed the life of society. Thick magazines, the subject of research in this collection, were the mouthpiece of not only socio-political, but also cultural events. Having appeared at the end of the 18th century, they acquired real spread in late 19th century, making the sphere of Russian journalism flourish and develop the professional standards. The thick periodical magazines were brought to life by the peculiar conditions of Russia’s development. Such magazines were not only a literary and artistic collection, but also a political newspaper that embodied the dialogue traditions of both conservatives and radicals. Readers of literary magazines and the authors of articles shaped the intellectual environment that determined the cultural advancement of the country and became significant point on the cultural landscape themselves. In the historical and cultural context of this period, the textbook helpfully explains a few little-known facts from the life of the authors whose publications and editorial activities determined the fate of the journals. Until now, such journals as Bozhii mir (God’s World) and several others have not been the subject of scientific interest. Therefore, the novelty and of the research conducted is important. The authors offer the explanation of why they choose this specific set of magazines. It is due to the place they had the process of formation and development of Russian journalism. The textbook emphasizes that the magazines published not only fiction works, their role was much more significant: they were the arena of political and literary struggle, gave the floor to express certain aesthetic or social principles and represented a type of a popular encyclopedia, thus acting as providers of education. In this way, among the instances why the textbook is of interest for educational purposes one should mention that the history of journalism of the period is reflected in the history of Russian culture.

State Supervision of the Periodicals Distribution System in Russia in the Early 20th Century

В статье затронут малоизученный аспект государственного контроля за системой распространения периодических изданий в России на примере столичных городов в начале ХХ века. Цель исследования — выявить основные каналы распространения столичных газет в начале ХХ века и определить механизмы государственного контроля за системой дистрибуции периодической печати. На основе имеющихся архивных источников автор приходит к выводу, что основными каналами распространения столичной прессы были подписка, розничная продажа в разнос и в магазинах и на железных дорогах. К началу Первой мировой войны система дистрибуции периодических изданий постепенно менялась. Нормативные акты, принятые в конце XIX века, уже не позволяли эффективно контролировать распространение информации, а правительственные меры предпринимались запоздало или были незначительны. Существовавшая система государственного контроля за системой дистрибуции не могла оперативно реагировать на кризис, что способствовало распространению нежелательной для правительства информации среди населения, в том числе запрещенной литературы. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы в первую очередь при подготовке общих курсов по истории России, чтении курсов лекций и спецкурсов по истории журналистики. The article treats some under-investigated issues associated with the state supervision of the periodicals circulation and distribution system in Russia in the early 20th century. The aim of the research is to study the main channels of capital newspapers circulation and distribution in the early 20th century and to identify the mechanisms of state supervision of the periodicals distribution system. The analysis of archival materials enables the author to conclude that capital newspapers were distributed via subscription, retailing, train station retail, and delivery. During the pre-war period, the system of newspaper distribution was undergoing gradual changes. Normative acts issued in the late 19thcentury were no longer enough to efficiently control the spread of information; state measures were often insufficient and untimely. The existing system of state supervision of newspaper distribution failed to respond to the crisis, therefore the public had an access to information the government wished to conceal and to literature that was forbidden. The validity of the results of the research will be recognized by lecturers, by teachers who conduct Russian history classes, by teachers conducting classes in the history of journalism.

Pictures in the Soviet Northern discourse of the 30s (based on the materials of the newspaper «Khanty-Mansi Shop (Shoy) / Ostyako-Vogulskaya Pravda»)

Introduction: a notable phenomenon of modern historiography is the visual turn, which presupposes the study of history as the history of images. The subject of the research is the images published in the newspaper «Khanty-Mansi Shop (Shoy). Ostyako-Vogulskaya Pravda» in 1931–1939. Objective: presentation of the ethno-cultural segment of the visual range of the newspaper and on this basis the determination of its communicative capabilities in relations with the viewer-reader from among the indigenous peoples of the North. Research materials: newspaper images, works of theorists and practitioners of the photo department, party documents of the pre-war period. Results and novelty of the research: the classification of ethno-images is given; the connection between the dynamics of their publication and the socio-political trends in the country’s development has been clarified. As a common feature of ethno-images, their conventionality and simplicity are shown, which correlates with the peculiarities of the «northern style» in the visual arts of the Ob Ugrians. The weakness of the visual range is shown, which hindered the transformation of the newspaper into a mass, nationally oriented publication. The scientific novelty is determined both by the visual approach itself, and by the introduction into scientific circulation of a complex of images of the Ostyako-Vogul newspaper; observations and conclusions can be used in the preparation of the corresponding section of the academic history of Yugra, as well as special courses on the history of journalism.

Philological Practices in the History of Journalism

This study has, on the one hand, an overview and theoretical, and on the other hand, a methodological and staging character. Its aim is to find convergence in the modern communicative situation between philology and journalism (taken in the history of journalism dimension).

From Lyubov Gurevich's Memoirs about the Journal “Severny Vestnik”. Part Two

The journal “Sevemy Vestnik”, around which relatively young Petersburg writers — A. Volynsky, N. Minsky, D. Merezhkovsky and Z. Gippius, F. Sologub — were grouped in the last years of the 19th century, was of exceptional importance for the early stage of Russian Symbolism. The article continues the previously begun publication of new materials from the archive of the publisher (since 1891) of the “Severny Vestnik”, Lyubov Gurevich. Two documents from the funds of the RGALI and the Manuscript Division of the IRL RAS — “Lovely Memories” and a note on the reorganization of the journal (1897–1898) — are presented. They are a kind of factual basis and addition to her article “Symbolism of the 1890s and the journal 'Severny Vestnik'” (presented in the first part of the publication: Literaturnyi fakt, no. 1 (19), 2021). Gurevich tells about the financial, organizational and censorship difficulties of keeping the journal and about complicated relationships in the circle of its authors and editors. The appendix contains Gurevich’s letter dated 1891 to her father where she admits that she is attracted by journalism and literary work “more than anything else”, and asks for financial help to buy out the collapsing journal and become the publisher of “Severny Vestnik” herself. Documents introduced into scientific circulation allow expanding the range of sources for studying the history of journalism and early Russian modernism.