scholarly journals Functioning of Allusive Names in Literary Discourse

2018 ◽  
pp. 228-238
Author(s):  
Iryna Tryshchenko

This paper is devoted to the study of specifics of allusive names functioning in literary discourse. They are considered within the framework of metaphoric antonomasia and are treated as cases of allusion actualization in literary discourse. Allusive names are subdivided into names of real persons and names of literary, biblical characters. They are analyzed as means of secondary nomination of the addressee. This process takes place on the basis of common semantic feature of subjects of primary and secondary nomination. The semantic feature that is in the focus of metaphoric antonomasia may take both central and peripheral place in the semantic structure of original name. The given names are also distinguished according to the familiarity of their denotata to the readers. Many names have become symbols of certain human qualities. The denotata of such names are models of a certain kind, i.e. they impersonate the highest degree of some quality. In their figurative use the weakening in quality intensity is observed for the occasional referent. Besides symbolic names, allusive names based on secondary occasional nomination are studied. The choice of certain common semantic features and neutralization of different oppositions add expressivity to such names. The role of context during the actualization of such names is established, and examples of acquiring by them positive or negative connotations are discussed. Types of motivation of secondary nominations usage as address forms are revealed and characterized in this paper: objective, subjective and speech ones. Besides that, variants of explication of motivation for the choice of this or that semantic feature for renaming are defined. They include direct speech or remarks of the characters (both the speaker and addressee), author’s text or remarks.

Author(s):  
Alexandra Soares Rodrigues

This paper analyses the construction of deverbal adjectives in European Portuguese, focusing on the interface between morphology and semantics, specifically on the role of Thematic Hierarchy and Semantic Prominence on affixal selection.Supported by paradigmatic morphology, the paper shows that suffixes that work in macro-paradigms of deverbal adjectives establish a relationship with specific semantic features of the lexical-semantic structure of the base verb in order to construct the derivative. The analysis concludes that suffixes are sensitive to thematic hierarchy, which is based on the semantic prominence of features of the verbs’ theta-roles at work in the paradigm. Data from psych verbs is highly relevant to this finding.The paper is dedicated to Professor Ana Maria Brito, who has always been keenly aware that scientific knowledge is not confined to a specific theory.


Rhema ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Natalia M. Solntseva ◽  
Zhang Rui

The article deals with the phonostylistic and semantic features of acoustic images in the early realist stories of Alexander Grin. The conclusion is made about their important compositional role. Attention is focused on vocabulary with acoustic semantics, as well as onomatopoeia understood as the imitation of both the sound and its meaning. The functions of sound polyphony in the depicting of landscapes and emotional states and in the plot structure are discussed. The role of alliteration, the temporal characteristics of acoustic images, a combination of autologous and associative images, and variable functionality of remarks in dialogs are described. The prosodic features of the narrative are analyzed. The motifs of silence and music and their role in the semantic structure of Grin’s stories are noted.


2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Iryna Tryshchenko

This paper aims at analysis of stylistic devices based on semantic contrast and inequality actualized in the vocative position. The subject of the study is functioning of the given vocatives in literary texts. The author used methods of semantic, contextual analysis and elements of pragmatic analysis. The results of the study. Ironic forms of address were firstly analysed among contrastive vocatives. They often include evaluative component of connotation. Depending on the context this component of connotation may change its meaning from negative to positive and vice versa. Cases of non-referential use of address forms for creating ironic meaning are also discussed. During the analysis of address forms based on oxymoron certain postulates of M. V. Nikitin's theory of semantic combinatorics are used. The findings indicate that contradictory relations may exist not only inside a vocative syntagm, but also between the vocative and the rest of the utterance. In addition to that, semantic and stylistic types of such contradictoriness are characterized. Moreover, types of gradation and frequency of their actualization in the vocative position are analyzed. Besides that, variants of gradation components positioning in the text are revealed. The role of authorial text in the adequate interpretation of emotional and evaluative address forms — components of gradation — is defined. The usage of all of the above mentioned stylistic devices in the vocative position is combined with the evaluative component of connotation, highlighting positive or negative attitude of the speaker to the addressee and certain reaction of the speaker to the concrete communicative situation, addressee's words or behaviour. Further study of address forms may be promising in their interrelation with other means expressing the category of speech addressability, in revealing their genre specificity and characteristic features of other stylistic devices actualization in the vocative position.


Author(s):  
Inna Stupak

Verbs of speech activity constitute a significant layer of verbal lexicon, which is characterized bya complex semantic structure. Depending on the nature of the semantic features, verbs of speechactivity are divided into three groups, one of which is represented byverbs to deliver information. In recentyears, there has been an increase in the frequency of use of verbs for conveying information indifferent literary styles. The aim of the study is to establish the most frequent verbs of this semanticsand to identify the specifics of their functioning in the situation for informational transmission on thematerial of German journalistic texts. The analysis of the to deliver information was carried out usingthe electronic corpus of the German language, which made it possible to trace the dynamics of theuse of 28 to deliver information, identify the four most frequent verbs and establish their semanticmodels. The situation for conveying information provides three obligatory semantic roles: agent,addressee and message.The analysis of the situation for conveying information with the verbs іnformieren, melden, mitteilen, berichten revealed the asymmetry of the obligatory components at the semantic and syntactic levels. Explicit and elliptical implementation of required components depends on the semantics of the verbs. The situation for conveying information with the verb is characterized at the syntactic level by the implementation of two semantic roles: addressee and message. The semantic role of agent in the situation for conveying information with the verbs berichten, melden, mitteilen is filled with a noun in a metonymic transfer of the type WHOLEPART, where the WHOLE is an institution, and PART is an employee or the head of this institution. The second mandatory component of the situation is addressee, who at the syntactic level has an explicit expression mainly with the verb іnformieren. In the situation with the verbs berichten, melden, mitteilen the semantic role of addressee is identified by the previous context. The third obligatory component of the situation for conveying information – the information that istransmitted – has both explicit and deictic expression. Verb semantics, communicative necessity and the principle of saving language efforts regulate the implementation of the obligatory semantic components of the situation for conveying information. The most significant component of the informational situation has an explicit expression. In general, the analyzed verbs are characterized by the possibility of shiftingthe focus of attention to any of the obligatory components.


Author(s):  
L.T. Kalabekova ◽  
Л.Т. Калабекова

В статье показывается, что в качестве ключевого семантического признака кате- гории вида в языках разной типологической отнесенности целесообразно рассматривать абстрагированное значение целостности / процессности глагольного действия. Именно этот признак дает основание для сопоставления аспектологических возможностей раз- носистемных языков (в нашем случае французского, русского, осетинского). Сравнитель- но-типологические разыскания, проводимые как в рамках близкородственных языков, так и на уровне языков неродственных, вскрывают тот неопровержимый факт, что в основе всех расхождений (лексической, семантической и синтаксической природы) лежат в первую очередь системные особенности любого отдельно взятого естественного языка. Иллюстрацией сказанному могут служить некоторые расхождения между французской, русской и осетинской лингвосистемами, проявляющиеся в способности упомянутых язы- ковых культур выражать разнообразные аспектуальные смыслы. Для типологических исследований аспектологического порядка немаловажным становится выявление общих параметров, позволяющих соотносить содержательную сторону исследуемых систем в рамках обозначенной проблематики. Так, в частности, представляется целесообразным рассматривать абстрагированное значение целостности / процессности действия, в каче- стве основного семантического признака глагольного вида в языках разной структурной модели (в нашем случае: французском, русском, осетинском). При этом в пределах упомя- нутой корреляции обнаруживаются более частные семантические смыслы, а именно: дли- тельность / недлительность, законченность / незаконченность процесса. Последний из обо- значенных семантических признаков способен включать в свою активность отношение действия к результату, что представляется вполне естественным, так как о результа- тивности мы судим лишь в том случае, если действие завершено. Незавершенное действие не может достичь какого бы то ни было результата. Приведенные значимости видового порядка возникают в речевом потоке вследствие взаимодействия множества средств различных языковых уровней: лексического значения глагольной лексемы в совокупности со значением ее грамматической формы и синтаксического окружения. Иначе говоря, в преде- лах функционально-семантической категории (ФСК) аспектуальности происходит рас- пределение семантических признаков на основной категориальный и периферийные. Регу- лярность выражения последних, как бы суживается от одного аспектуального признака к другому. Так, например, если длительность свойственна практически любому процессному действию, то далеко не всякое целостное действие является результативным. The article proves the abstract meaning of completeness / duration of verbal action can be considered as the main semantic feature of aspect in the typologically different languages. This feature gives the basis for the comparison of aspectological potential of the languages with different typological structures (in this case — those of French, Russian and Ossetian). Comparative-typological studies, conducted in the terms of closely related languages and unrelated ones, reveal the undeniable fact that the basis of all differences (of lexical, semantic and syntactic nature) are accounted for, first and foremost, by the systemic features of any given natural language. Some differences between the French, Russian and Ossetian linguistic systems manifested in the ability of the reviewd language cultures can serve as an illustration to the above stated fact to express a variety of aspect meanings. For typological research of aspects it becomes important to identify the common parameters, allowing the correlation of the systems content studied in the framework of the indicated problem. Thus, in particular, it seems appropriate to consider the abstract value of completeness / duration of actions as the main semantic characteristic of the verbal form in the languages of different structural models (in our case: French, Russian and Ossetian). Within the mentioned correlations more specific semantic meanings, namely, duration / continuity, completeness / incompleteness of the process, are found. The last of the semantic characteristics can be included in their activity attitude to the result, which is quite natural, as we judge the effectiveness only in case of completed action. Unfinished action can achieve no result. The given significance of the aspect occurs in the speech stream as a result of interactions between various linguistic levels: the lexical meaning of the verbal lexeme together with the value of its grammatical forms and syntactic environments. In other words, within the functional-semantic category (FSC) of aspectuality is the distribution of semantic features to the main categorical and peripheral ones. It seems like the regularity of expression of the latter is narrowed from one aspect feature to another. For example, if the duration is inherent in almost any process action, not any integral action is effective.


2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (31) ◽  
pp. 203-216
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Michow

The article includes the analysis of Polish and Bulgarian somatic phrases with the meaning justified with substantial components – the names of the parts of the body having a semantic feature ‘designed for thinking’ in the semantic structure. This semantic feature belongs to mental functions in the categories of semantic features and it justified the meaning of the number of collected phrases in Bulgarian (about 60) twice as big as in Polish (about 30). The most productive components of analysed phrases are NA (nomen anatomicum) Polish głowa (łeb), Bulgarian глава and мозък. NA Polish mózg and exceptionally NA Polish ciemię i mózgownica are rarely used in the function of the component. Furthermore, the observations of productivity of NA lead to the conclusion that metonymic alternations of NA: глава – мозък are used in Bulgarian more often. They are based on the same function of both exchanged parts of the body: designed for thinking. However, in Polish exceptional and rare metonymies are possible: głowa – ciemię and głowa – mózgownica. The semantics of Polish and Bulgarian phrases concerns two categories: 1) the process of thinking (as a way of learning and memorizing as well as upsetting oneself); 2) the characteristics and the evaluation of human’s intellectual abilities. A detailed analysis was conducted within the confines of collections that realize the relations of initial phase, continuation and finalization. Furthermore, it was proved that very productive metaphors that organize the imagery in Polish and Bulgarian somatic phrases are the ontological metaphor of a container and the structural metaphor of a machine.


2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
N. V. Khalikovа

The article considers the functions of the system of verbal imagery’s in the creation of the scientific style of V.V. Vinogradov. The figurativeness of basic, background and metaphorical terms is described. The semantic structure of the image of the basic term «style» is analyzed, figurative paradigms of the concepts Language, Speech and Style are revealed. The article shows the relationship between scientific thinking and metaphorical style, the role of sustainable cognitive metaphors in the creation, storage and transfer of pragmatic information and the creation of a cultural and historical context.


Author(s):  
Ирина Викторовна Евстафьева

В статье исследуются вопросы попечительства в отношении несовершеннолетних, отбывающих наказание в виде лишения свободы. Проблема, поднимаемая автором настоящей статьи, многогранна, касается различных аспектов отбывания наказания несовершеннолетними в воспитательных колониях и требует комплексного исследования, способного ответить на определенно значимый вопрос: является ли колония законным представителем находящихся в ней несовершеннолетних со всеми вытекающими из статуса законных представителей последствиями. При этом необходимо обращать внимание на специфику правового статуса лиц, отбывающих наказание в воспитательных колониях, которые, во-первых, являются несовершеннолетними, то есть не обладают дееспособностью в полном объеме и нуждаются в особой заботе, защите и представительстве, а во-вторых, осуждены за совершение тяжкого или особо тяжкого преступления, влекущего изоляцию от общества и определенные ограничения и лишения. Отечественное законодательство достаточно детально регламентирует особенности режима отбывания наказания в виде лишения свободы несовершеннолетними, не определяя при этом статуса воспитательных колоний, кем они являются: воспитателями, попечителями или исключительно учреждениями исполнения наказаний. Между тем правильное понимание значения и роли воспитательной колонии в жизни находящихся в ней несовершеннолетних преступников, по мнению автора, поможет избежать ряда проблем, объективно складывающихся в учреждениях подобного рода. С этой точки зрения предлагаемая тема представляет интерес не только для ученых-теоретиков, но и для практиков - сотрудников соответствующих учреждений. Особо следует подчеркнуть, что исследований по данной тематике в специальной литературе нет. Отдельные исследования, встречающиеся в современной литературе, касаются исключительно общего гражданско-правового статуса несовершеннолетних осужденных. Однако это обстоятельство может свидетельствовать только о новизне данной темы, но никак не об отсутствии самой проблемы. The article analyzes the issues of the status of educational colonies as guardians of minors serving a sentence of imprisonment. In fact, the problem raised by the author of this article is multifaceted, concerns various aspects of the serving of punishment by minors in educational colonies and requires a comprehensive study that can answer, it seems, a definitely significant question: whether the colony is the legal representative of the minors in it with all the consequences arising from the status of legal representatives in the form of duties and responsibilities. At the same time, it seems, it is necessary to pay attention to the specifics of the legal status of citizens serving sentences in educational colonies, who, firstly, are minors, i.e. do not have full legal capacity and need special care, protection and representation, and, secondly, are convicted of committing a serious or particularly serious crime, entailing isolation from society and certain restrictions and deprivation. Domestic legislation regulates in sufficient detail the peculiarities of the regime of serving sentences in the form of deprivation of liberty by minors, without determining the status of educational colonies. Who are they: educators, Trustees or only institutions of execution of punishments. Meanwhile, the correct understanding of the importance and role of the educational colony in the life of juvenile offenders in it, according to the author, will help to avoid a number of problems that objectively develop in institutions of this kind. From this point of view, the proposed topic is of interest not only for theoretical scientists, but for practitioners-employees of relevant institutions. It should be emphasized that there are no studies on this subject in the special literature. However, this circumstance can testify only about novelty of the given subject, but in any way about absence of the problem. It seems that the relevance and importance of a problem is not always measured by the number of studies devoted to it. Sometimes these its traits are manifest only under particularly careful consideration.


Author(s):  
Thomas Köllen ◽  
Susanne Kopf

AbstractSo far, management research on mechanisms of exclusion of employee groups has mainly applied constructs of racism to understanding issues of origin-based ostracism. This research has primarily focused on issues faced by employees whose heritage is markedly different from the heritage shared by the norm group in the given socio-cultural, linguistic, and geographical setting. Against this backdrop, the present study investigates how ostracism plays out when the heritages involved are similar, as exemplified by German employees in Austria. Study 1 examines the discursive production of Austrian stereotyping of Germans in the usage of different terms of reference for ‘Germans’ in Austrian discourse. A corpus analysis of online comments on newspaper sites highlights the implicit Austrian need for delineation against Germany. Study 2 analyzes Germans’ perception of Austrians’ exclusionary linguistic practices and how this impacts on their employment experience and turnover intention. A quantitative analysis of survey data from 600 German nationals employed in Austria reveals that the degree of exposure to these demarcating practices is associated with lower job satisfaction, a higher burnout level and an increase in turnover intention. This study is amongst the first to shed light on the central role of nationalism and national identities in organizational mechanisms of exclusion.


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