Problems Encountered in Teaching Brazilian Students

1951 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
William Allen
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
The Public ◽  
Air Transport Industry ◽  
Brazilian Students ◽  
Getulio Vargas ◽  
The Individual

The Escola Tecnica de Aviacao de Sao Paulo was founded in September, 1943, by executive decree of Getulio Vargas, then President of Brazil. The primary function of the school was to train technicians for service in the Brazilian Air Force which was being greatly expanded to meet wartime demands. However, since the school was primarily for reservists, it was expected that after a graduate had performed his military service, he would be available for employment in Brazil's rapidly expanding civilian air transport industry. The establishment of the school fitted in well with the official Brazilian program of educating the individual for the public good. On this subject, President Vargas said in 1943: "In the period which we are facing, intellectual development without a clear and definite object must be considered a luxury accessible to few individuals and of little value to the community."

Going Far by Going Together: James M. Buchanan’s Economics of Shared Ethics

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Art Carden ◽  
Gregory W. Caskey ◽  
Zachary B. Kessler
Keyword(s):  
Business Ethics ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Public Capital ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Other Regarding ◽  
Ethical Communication ◽  
Other Regarding Preferences

We explore themes in Nobel Prize–winning economist James M. Buchanan’s work and apply his Ethics and Economic Progress to problems facing individuals and firms. We focus on Buchanan’s analysis of the individual work ethic, his exhortations to “pay the preacher” of the “institutions of moral-ethical communication,” and his notion of law as “public capital.” We highlight several ways people with other-regarding preferences can contribute to social flourishing and some of the ways those who have “affected to trade for the public good” might want to redirect their efforts. We show how Buchanan’s work has considerable implications for business ethics. Just as his economic analysis of politics changed how we understand government, we think his economic analysis of ethics can (and should) change how we understand business.

scholarly journals Walk the Talk? The Effect of Voting and Excludability in Public Goods Experiments

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans J. Czap ◽  
Natalia V. Czap ◽  
Esmail Bonakdarian
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Public Project ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Projects ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Other Regarding

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of voting and excludability on individual contributions to group projects. We conducted two experiments on excludable and nonexcludable public goods, which provided several important results. First, contrary to our expectations, subjects are generally contributing more to the non-excludable compared to the excludable public good. Second, participating in a vote to choose a public project per se makes no difference in contributions. However, if the project that the individual voted for also gets selected by the group, they contribute significantly more to that project. Third, empathy and locus of control are important driving forces of participation in common projects. Our results have implications on the procedural design of obtaining funding for public projects. First, the public should get involved and have a say in the determination of which project should be realized. Second, it might well pay off to attempt to develop a consensus among the population and obtain near unanimous votes, because in our experiment, subjects discriminate between the project they voted for and the project chosen by the majority. Third, the policy proposers should stress the other-regarding interest of the public good rather than just pecuniary incentives.

Unions & Civic Engagement: How the Assault on Labor Endangers Civil Society

Daedalus ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-138
Author(s):  
Andy Stern
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Labor Movement ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
National Level ◽  
Union Density ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Individual

American trade unions are a crucial segment of civil society that enriches our democracy. Union members are stewards of the public good, empowering the individual through collective action and solidarity. While union density has declined, the U.S. labor movement remains a substantial political and economic force. But the relentless attacks by the political right and its corporate allies could lead to an erosion of civic engagement, further economic inequality, and a political imbalance of power that can undermine society. The extreme assault on unions waged by Republicans in Wisconsin, Ohio, Michigan, and at a national level must be countered by a revitalized labor movement and by those who understand that unions are positive civil actors who bring together individuals who alone have little power. Unions need both structural reform and greater boldness; there are moments in which direct action and dramatic militancy can bring about positive social change. The current assault on labor can be rebuffed, and unions can expand their role as stewards for the public good and as defenders of efforts by the 99 percent to reduce inequality and protect democracy.

Safety and Air Navigation

1974 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stratton
Keyword(s):  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Accident Rate ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
The Public ◽  
Apparent Decrease ◽  
Transport Safety ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

With the growth of public air transport, safety in the air is a matter of concern not just to those who design, manufacture and operate aircraft, but to the public at large. After an accident has occurred and an unfortunate chain of events leading to the accident is exposed, it may be easy to say ‘this accident should not have occurred’ or ‘would not have occurred if…’. Publication of annual totals brings forth informed and uninformed comment on the apparent decrease or increase in the accident rate relative to some criteria such as the number of passenger kilometres flown. The objective of this paper is to present a scientific account of the evidence on the relationship between navigation and air accidents and the implications of this evidence for those who are professionally concerned with air navigation. As will become evident, how-ever, there are factors operating which go much deeper than the technical aspects and appear to have their roots in human behaviour, not just of the individual but of organizations and society as a whole.

STUMBLING TOWARDS THE CONSTITUTION

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Thomas Adams
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Political Community ◽  
Political Control ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Full Membership ◽  
The Public ◽  
Statutory Power ◽  
The Individual

ONE way in which governments may exercise political control over their subjects is by removing their status as citizens. Doing so – denying the individual the political and social rights that are constitutive of full membership of their community – involves making a radical choice, and accordingly such a decision must be properly regulated. One of the ways in which UK law does so is by preventing the exercise of the broad statutory power to rescind the citizenship of a UK national because it is “conducive to the public good”, where doing so would render that person stateless (British Nationality Act 1981, s. 40(2), (4)). Individuals may only be stripped of their citizenship under this provision on the condition that they remain full members of another political community.

Anglicanism as Public Philosophy

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-211
Author(s):  
Renta Nishihara
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Community Setting ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Personal Interest ◽  
Public Philosophy ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTThe contrast in social life between a messhi bōkō (sacrificing one's personal interest to the public good) and mekkō hōshi(sacrificing the public for the sake of the individual) cannot be settled in terms of a dualism. The Christian Church from its earliest times was without doubt a ‘public’ community. Setting up a hypothesis that the concept of ‘publicness’ presented by public philosophy is actually closely related to the ‘catholicity’ that has been a characteristic of Christianity since the time of the Early Church, the main object of this essay will be to demonstrate, by introducing concrete theological illustrations, that Anglicanism has the potential to be a ‘public philosophy’.

Educational reform in Greece: Central concepts and a critique

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panayota Gounari ◽  
George Grollios
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Educational Legislation ◽  
Useful Knowledge ◽  
The Public ◽  
Corporate Entity ◽  
Market Driven ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University ◽  
Of Greece

Abstract The case of Greece as the most recent neoliberal experiment can provide valuable insights not only about a generalized attack on the welfare state and the public good, but also about the radical changes in public education that are altering its public mission, vision, and goals. In this paper first we trace the educational landscape in Greece as it emerges both from the reform in primary and secondary education and from the new law 4009 on higher education. The ongoing government discourse on education is shaped and constructed along the lines of a market- driven society and unapologetically espouses the neoliberal dogma that aims to convert education into training, universities into corporations, knowledge into a service or commodity, and students into clients. We further examine the official public discourse as illustrated in government documentation in an attempt to map out the marked shift from the university as a public good to the university as corporate entity, and highlight the particular ways in which this is done. The new educational legislation sets the stage for an education where the individual will thrive through relentless competition, where collectivity is abolished, where only “useful” knowledge counts and where “quality” and “excellence” serve as the excuse for a corporate standardization of the university and the academic life and thought.

scholarly journals Crime and Punishment: Adam Smith’s Theory of Sentimental Law and Economics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Pia Paganelli ◽  
Fabrizio Simon
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Unintended Consequence ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
The Public ◽  
Legal Sanctions ◽  
Rational Calculation ◽  
The Individual

For Adam Smith a crime is not the result of a rational calculation of loss and gain, but the consequence of envy and a vain desire to parade wealth to attract the approbation of others, combined with a natural systematic bias in overestimating the probability of success. Similarly, Smith does not conceive of legal sanctions as a rational deterrent, but as deriving from the feeling of resentment. While the prevailing approach of the eighteenth century is a rational explanation of crime and a utilitarian use of punishment, Adam Smith instead builds his theory of criminal behavior and legal prosecution consistently on the sentiments. A well-functioning legal system is thus an unintended consequence of our desire to bring justice to the individual person, not the result of a rational calculation to promote the public good, just like a well-functioning economic system is the unintended consequence of our desire to better our own condition, not the result of a rational calculation to promote public good.

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