Ethical leadership, perceived leader–member ethical communication and organizational citizenship behavior: development and validation of a multilevel model

PurposeThis study provides a systematic testing of ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) by examining the underlying mechanisms of leader motivation language on ethics through which ethical leadership influences followers’ OCB at the team level.Design/methodology/approachA multilevel model was validated via with structural equation modeling (SEM) from hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) based on data collected in a Malaysian organization.FindingsThe perceived leader–member ethical communication at the team-level makes a unique contribution beyond the ethical leadership in explaining OCBs.Originality/valuePerceived leader–member ethical communication mediates the relationship between ethical leadership and OCB.

Birth Experience, Postpartum PTSD and Depression before and during the Pandemic of COVID-19 in Russia

The aim of the study is to investigate the changes in the maternal healthcare system during the pandemic and their associations with maternal mental health in Russia. A sample of Russian women who gave birth during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 1645) and matched controls, i.e., women who gave birth before the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 611), completed an anonymous Internet survey about recent childbirth. They were assessed for childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and postpartum depression (PPD). Clinically relevant symptoms of PPD and PTSD were high before the pandemic and showed no significant change during the pandemic (p = 0.48 and p = 0.64, respectively). We found a notable increase in the frequency of obstetric violence (p = 0.015) during the pandemic, which, in turn, has a strong correlation with birth-related PTSD and PPD. The problem of ethical communication with patients among maternal healthcare professionals is acute in Russia, and it has been exacerbated by the pandemic. Family and doula support during labor can be a potential protective factor against obstetric violence.

Etika Komunikasi Pejabat Publik dalam Penanganan Pandemi Covid-19

Communication of public officials greatly influences the public to comply with the corona virus disease (Covid-19) health protocol and is positively correlated with the effectiveness of handling Covid-19. Unfortunately, as this study found using descriptive qualitative methods and data collection techniques from credible online media, there are a number of public officials who often make controversial statements about Covid-19 that are not fully based on scientific, accurate data, and empirical facts. In addition to causing ethical communication problems, this has led to pro and contra responses, noise, confusion and disrupts and hinders acceleration in handling the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study recommends that public officials pay attention to and prioritize communication ethics in handling the Covid-19 pandemic so that the Covid-19 pandemic can be controlled, and quickly removed from Indonesian soil.

The importance of postgraduate training of doctors on pharmaceutical supply of the population

As the use of medicines in the provision of medical services is an important component, it is advisable to constantly update the knowledge of doctors and monitor regulatory and market changes in the field of pharmaceutical supply. The purpose of this work is to identify educational and practical issues in the pharmaceutical field, knowledge of which contributes to the proper management of the provision of drugs to the medical organizations, motivated choice, appointment, rational therapy of diseased – patients of the doctor. General information on providing relevant knowledge to physicians in the cycles of thematic improvement in health management and economics on a number of issues are presented, including: legal and marketing regulation of health care organizations and the population with medicines; state regulation of drug prices; determining the need for drugs and purchasing for budget funds; regulatory requirements for prescriptions; features of use, storage and accounting in inpatient and outpatient settings of narcotic, psychotropic drugs and precursors, etc. Given that the development of the pharmaceutical healthcare sector is influenced by the market mechanism, it is advisable to familiarize yourself with the marketing management of its subjects. It is shown that knowledge of the main issues of medical care of health care institutions and the population contributes to the quality of professional duties of organizers and specialists on the basis of legal regulation, rational use of drugs, compliance with existing restrictions and standards, and forms the principles of professional interaction and ethical communication between health professionals.

Educación en valores por medio del deporte. Una perspectiva filosófica basada en Søren Kierkegaard (Values education through sport. A philosophical perspective based on Søren Kierkegaard)

Educar en valor es un desafío ético que la sociedad tiene para promover los derechos humanos universales. En este contexto, tanto la filosofía, la ciencia y la pedagogía han contribuido a desarrollar metodologías que contribuyan en la formación moral de la ciudadanía. Algunas de ellas siguen una vía intelectual o directa sobre el tema, las cuales se enfocan en la conciencia y comprensión de los valores. Otras metodologías siguen una vía indirecta o emocional, la cual se enfoca en la experiencia y concreción del valor. Esta última vía ha sido fundamentada por el filósofo danés Søren Kierkegaard, quien establece que la comunicación ética ha de ser, principalmente, una comunicación basada en la experiencia. Aquel argumento filosófico realza la importancia de las actividades prácticas para la educación moral, de modo que se concluye que el deporte es un medio propicio para tal finalidad pedagógica. Abstract: Value education is an ethical challenge for society to promote universal human rights. In this context, philosophy, science and pedagogy have all contributed to the development of methodologies that contribute to the moral formation of citizens. Some of them follow an intellectual or direct approach to the subject, which focuses on the awareness and understanding of values. Other methodologies follow an indirect or emotional route, which focuses on the experience and concreteness of the value. The latter way has been substantiated by the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, who states that ethical communication has to be primarily a communication based on experience. This philosophical argument emphasises the importance of practical activities for moral education, which leads to the conclusion that sport is a suitable medium for this pedagogical purpose.

Professional Ethical Aspects in the Study and Internship Environment: Research in Tallinn Health Care College

The exposure of healthcare professionals to (un)ethical situations starts in the educational institution, and the first serious cases occur during internships. The aim of the current study is to investigate the problems and causes (concerning unethical situations) related to students’ perception of ethics in the study and practice environment and to describe the awareness of Tallinn Health Care College’s students of professional ethics and the use of existing support systems in solving unethical problems.The findings indicated the importance of ethical communication and behaviour by all respondents. Empathy, ethical feedback, and confidentiality were perceived to be an integral part of ethical standards within the study and training environment. Respondents pointed out that ethical issues may occur not only between a health care professional and a patient, but also between a health care professional and doctor, supervisor, or teacher. A practical approach to ethical decision-making integrated into professional training has been assessed by all respondents.

Going Far by Going Together: James M. Buchanan’s Economics of Shared Ethics

We explore themes in Nobel Prize–winning economist James M. Buchanan’s work and apply his Ethics and Economic Progress to problems facing individuals and firms. We focus on Buchanan’s analysis of the individual work ethic, his exhortations to “pay the preacher” of the “institutions of moral-ethical communication,” and his notion of law as “public capital.” We highlight several ways people with other-regarding preferences can contribute to social flourishing and some of the ways those who have “affected to trade for the public good” might want to redirect their efforts. We show how Buchanan’s work has considerable implications for business ethics. Just as his economic analysis of politics changed how we understand government, we think his economic analysis of ethics can (and should) change how we understand business.

Capacity Building in Peer Review: a Student-led Journal Experience

Introduction: Peer review plays a pivotal role in optimizing articles’ quality. However, in a context of poor methodological publications and unreliable data, it is questionable which strategies to invest in to improve peer reviewing. An excellent start is by enhancing diversity through inclusion of undergraduate students to reviewers. We aim to report the peer reviewing policies, procedures, and practices of a medical student-led journal editorial board in 2020, detailing the challenges and the role of students in building capacity in peer review. Methods: Through validated online training courses and peer education methodology, the students built capacity regarding the relevance of peer review, its models, structure, and publication process. The journal peer-reviewing was blinded for authors and reviewers, pursuing impartiality and minimization of identification bias. To add standardization to the submission and review processes, guidelines for authors and reviewers were developed, based on journals’ recommendations, and reporting guidelines. Results: The journal had 254 submitted manuscripts from all five Brazilian geographic regions during the second semester of 2020, a considerable increase compared to the 72 submissions in the previous edition. After reviewing, 50 articles were accepted to the Brazilian Medical Students’ 7th edition, demanding minor or major corrections.Discussion: Peer review contributes to the construction of content, standing for evidence-based medicine. Besides, it improves ethical, communication, and critical appraisal abilities, also desirable in the academic and professional spheres. Among the benefits and limitations of this medical students' peer review process, there is an interesting strategy to be studied and further promoted.

THE POSSIBILITY OF LIBERAL EUGENICS: ABSOLUTISM OF MORALITY VS PARTICULARISM OF MORALITY

Статья посвящена вопросам евгеники, актуальность которых обусловлена не только научной притягательностью предмета исследования, но и определённым социальным и политическим контекстом. Этическая коммуникация по этому поводу отражает полярные мнения, анализ которых необходим для создания системы моральных требований в рамках сопоставления с классическим пониманием морали. Исследуя проблемы либеральной евгеники, автор статьи ставит перед собой две основные задачи: 1) определить, что включает в себя понятие «моральная система», ограничивая действие моральных запретов (партикуляризм морали) или, наоборот, рассматривая негативные нравственные нормы как всеобщие и универсальные (абсолютизм морали); 2) установить, возможны ли в этой связи евгенические «вмешательства», связанные с «улучшением» человека, или они принципиально недопустимы. В ходе решения первой задачи автор приходит к выводу, что либеральная евгеника не противоречит индивидуально-перфекционистской морали: моё желание реализуемо, если оно никак не ущемляет интересы других людей и не причиняет им вред. Следовательно, классическое понимание морали, претендующее на универсальность и общезначимость, в данном случае изживает себя и в условиях прикладных исследований неприемлемо, так как моральные нормы здесь идеализированы и абстрагированы от конкретной человеческой жизни. Поэтому в рамках исследования второй задачи автор полагает, что моральная переориентация необходима, замечая при этом, что полная легализация может привести к стиранию границ представлений о добре и зле. Кроме того, в случае патерналистского подхода мораль должна основываться на принципе предосторожности, связанном с ответственностью перед будущими поколениями, что заставляет возвращаться к абсолютным моральным запретам. Автор показывает, что неугасающий интерес к евгеническим исследованиям порождён стремлением человека к совершенствованию. Основываясь на анализе моральных дилемм, представленных в конкретных казусах, автор статьи доказывает, что, несмотря на заманчивость евгенических перспектив, они могут иметь непредсказуемые последствия. Исследование позволяет сделать вывод о том, что сила морального абсолютизма в связи с этим остается значимой, даже несмотря на то, что подвергается критике. Тем не менее, моральная допустимость вмешательств в генные структуры человека и его эмбрионов может быть оправдана. Однако с учетом того, что невозможно объять и предвидеть все случаи конкретной человеческой жизни, здесь речь не идёт о выработке критериев, так как со временем это приведет к их безграничному и неконтролируемому увеличению. Чтобы не допустить размывания границ морально дозволенного, выходом из ситуации, который предлагает автор, может стать партикуляризация морали. Это не новая моральная система, а своего рода «негативный пояс эвристики», дающий возможность этически обосновывать каждый уникальный случай в либеральной евгенике. Зафиксирована необходимость семиотической диагностики границ морально дозволенного в каждом уникальном кейсе. Questions of eugenics still remain relevant, which is not only due to the scientific appeal of the subject of the research, but also has a certain social and political subtext. Ethical communication includes a different number of opinions on this issue: their analysis is important for creating a system of moral requirements in comparison with the traditional, classical understanding of morality. In order to talk about the possibility of liberal eugenics, the author of the article sets two main tasks: 1) to determine what the concept “moral system” includes, isolating the boundaries of the action of morality (particularizing) or, conversely, making it universal in its prescriptions (absolutizing); 2) to establish whether eugenic “interventions” associated with genetic variability are possible in this regard, or they are unacceptable. In the course of solving the first problem, the author comes to the conclusion that the logic does not contradict the individual-perfectionist morality: my desire is realizable if it does not infringe on the interests of other people and does not cause them any harm. Consequently, the traditional (classical) understanding of morality, which claims to be universal and universally valid, has outlived itself, and in the context of applied research is unacceptable since moral norms are idealized and abstracted from a specific human life. Therefore, within the framework of the study of the second task, the author believes that moral reorientation is necessary. However, full legalization can lead to the blurring of the boundaries of ideas about good and evil, and, in the case of a paternalistic approach, morality should be based on the precautionary principle associated with responsibility to future generations, which in this case forces us to return to absolute moral restrictions. Human curiosity generates a desire for eugenic research: the author of the article, by analyzing the moral dilemmas presented in specific cases, demonstrates that despite the fact that eugenic prospects seem quite tempting, they are fraught with certain “pitfalls” that can have unpredictable consequences. Therefore, even if moral absolutism does not stand up to criticism, its power remains significant. There is no doubt that the moral permissibility of interventions in the gene structures of potential members of the community should have its own limits of “justification”: if universal criteria are developed, their number will increase over time because it is impossible to grasp and anticipate all the cases of a particular human life, and this will lead to the blurring of the boundaries of the morally permissible. Therefore, the particularism of morality, as a way out of the situation, is not a new moral system, but a kind of a negative belt of heuristics that helps to ethically justify each specific unique case in liberal eugenics. The necessity of semiotic diagnostics of the boundaries of the morally permissible in each unique case has been fixed.

Communication Ethics. An Others-Centered Approach to Crisis Communication

The present paper envisages an approach to the field of communication ethics, stressing on the importance of human relationship as a source of moral obligation and learning, and as a precondition of ethical communication. The second part of the paper advances the concept of other-centeredness as a solution to contemporary crisis management. In times of crisis, it often happens that organizations exert pressure on the media and the stakeholders for the sake of defending their own interests. In such moments organizations have the responsibility to engage in ethical communication with its public, by adopting a crisis response strategy in which honesty, human support and good of the people are prioritized, a communication strategy that places others first.