scholarly journals Effect of transfer of implicit knowledge of artificial grammar under sensorimotor activity

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-77
Author(s):  
A.P. Kryukova ◽  
A.Y. Agafonov ◽  
S.N. Burmistrov ◽  
D.D. Kozlov ◽  
Y.E. Shilov
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Implicit Knowledge ◽  
Artificial Grammar ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Phase ◽  
Sensorimotor Activity ◽  
Green Circle ◽  
Experimental Group

The article is addressed on research aimed to discover effect of transfer of implicit knowledge of artificial grammar on sensorimotor tasks solving. Meaning of implicit knowledge in actual cognitive activity has been considered. 40 volunteers took part in experiment, ages 18 to 43 years. Participants of experiment implicit learned the rule of artificial grammar. The task of control phase was to solve the sensorimotor task — to react by pressing of certain key under appearance of green or yellow circle. In experimental group, always before presentation of green circle a grammatical sequence appeared, before presentation of yellow circle — ungrammatical. In control group, color of circle was not dependent on grammatically of sequence. The results have shown that significant reduction of reaction time was discovered in experimental group. Thus, transfer of implicitly learned knowledge of artificial grammar leads to increase of effectiveness of sensorimotor activity. Implicit knowledge acquired meaning prim-stimulation.

scholarly journals Transfer in Implicit Learning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Agafonov ◽  
A Kryukova ◽  
Y Shilov
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Implicit Knowledge ◽  
Artificial Grammar ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Implicit Rule ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Experimental Group

The article describes the research, the aim of which is to discover the effect of transfer of the implicit knowledge of artificial grammar to solving of sensory-motor tasks. The article considers the role of implicit knowledge in actual cognitive activity. Forty volunteers took part in the experiment. Participants of the experiment wereimplicitly taught the rule of artificial grammar. At the control phase, the assignment consisted of solving the sensory-motor problem – to react to the appearance of the green or yellow circle by pressing a certain key. In the experimental group, the grammatical line always appeared before the green-colored circle was presented, and the ungrammatical line appeared before the yellow-colored circle. In the control group the color of the circle didn’t depend on the grammaticality of the line. As a result, we established the considerable reduction in the reaction time in the experimental group. Thus, the transfer of the implicitly learned knowledge of artificial grammar leads to enhancement of efficiency of sensory-motor activity. The implicit rule of artificialgrammar has acquired role of prime-stimulation. Keywords: implicit knowledge, implicit learning, artificial grammar learning, sensorymotor activity, transfer effect, priming

scholarly journals Effects of Cognicise-Neurofeedback on Health Locus of Control, Depression, and Quantitative Electroencephalography Alpha Asymmetry in Elderly Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 899
Author(s):  
Heewook Weon ◽  
Jieun Yoo ◽  
Jumhwa Yu ◽  
Miso Park ◽  
Haekyoung Son
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Health Locus Of Control ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Quantitative Electroencephalography ◽  
Alpha Asymmetry ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Experimental Group

Background: With an increase in the aged population, there is a growing concern regarding the care of the elderly. This study aims to identify effects of cognicise-neurofeedback on health locus of control, depression, and quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) alpha asymmetry in elderly women. Methods: A quasi-experimental control group pre-test–post-test design was used. Korean women aged 65 years or over at a senior welfare center were randomly allocated to the control (n = 12) or experimental (n = 19) groups from July to October 2019. The intervention consisted of cognicise (exercise with intensified cognitive activity) and neurofeedback twice a week for 10 weeks. The locus of control and depression were measured via self-reported questionnaires. QEEG alpha asymmetry was measured using BrainMaster. Results: Depression significantly decreased in the experimental group (t = 4.113, p = 0.001), while internality in the locus of control significantly decreased in the control group (t = 3.023, p = 0.012). On the other hand, QEEG alpha asymmetry index differences in F3-F4 between the pre-test and post-test were not significant in the experimental group (t = 0.491, p = 0.629) or control group (t = 0.413, p = 0.678). Conclusions: Due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, contact between the elderly and healthcare workers in the clinical practice field has become more restricted. These findings can help decrease negative emotions among elderly women in the community based on an integrated neuroscientific approach.

Examining Practice and Learning Effects With Serial Administration of the Clinical Reaction Time Test in Healthy Young Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 558-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy N. Nguyen ◽  
Reuben N. Clements ◽  
Lucas A. Porter ◽  
Nicole E. Clements ◽  
Matthew D. Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Learning Effect ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Clinical Reaction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Clinical Reaction Time

Context: The clinical reaction time (RTclin) test has been recommended as a valid test for assessing concussion and determining recovery of reaction time function following concussion. However, it is unknown whether repeat assessment, as is used in postconcussion testing, is affected by learning or practice phenomena. Objective: To determine if a practice or learning effect is present with serial administration of the RTclin test. Design: Randomized control trial. Setting: University athletic training clinics. Participants: A total of 112 healthy collegiate athletes (age = 19.46 [1.34] y). Interventions: The control group completed the RTclin test on days 1 and 60. The experimental group completed the RTclin test on days 1, 2, 3, 7, and 60. Main Outcome Measure: Reaction time as measured with the RTclin test. Results: The difference in RTclin test performance from day 1 to day 60 was not significant (mean change = −2.77 [14.46] ms, P = .42, 95% confidence intervals, −6.40 to 0.862) between groups. The experimental group experienced significant improvement (λ = 0.784, F4,49 = 3.365, P = .02, η2 = .216, power = 0.81) with acute repeat testing. However, post hoc analysis did not reveal a significant difference between scores during the 5 test periods. Conclusions: The results suggest serial administration of the RTclin test does not produce a practice or learning effect. Clinicians, however, should be cautious as the results do provide evidence patients may demonstrate improved scores when testing occurs on repetitive days after initial exposure to the test.

Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on Balance and Reaction Time in Elite Judo Athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1371-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Morales ◽  
Carla Ubasart ◽  
Mónica Solana-Tramunt ◽  
Israel Villarrasa-Sapiña ◽  
Luis-Millán González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rapid Weight Loss ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Judo Athletes ◽  
Experimental Group

Balance, reaction time, and strength are key factors affecting judo performance. Although ample research has been done examining potential strength changes caused by weight loss prior to competition, changes in balance and reaction time have been overlooked. Purpose: To examine the effects of rapid and progressive weight loss (RWL and PWL) on balance, reaction time, and strength in a group of elite judo athletes. Methods: A total of 38 female and male judo athletes (age = 20.6 [2.6] y) completed balance, reaction-time, and strength assessments 1 wk prior to an official weigh-in (pretest) and immediately after the weigh-in (posttest). The athletes were divided into 3 groups, 1 control group who maintained regular training and eating habits, 1 experimental group who engaged in PWL (<3% reductions in body mass), and a second experimental group who used RWL techniques (>3% reductions in body mass). Results: The RWL group showed significant decreases (P < .05) in balance performance (ellipse area: 4.83 [0.87] vs 6.31 [1.39] mm2 with eyes closed; mean mediolateral velocity: 2.07 [0.2] vs 2.52 [0.45] mm·s−1 with eyes closed; and mean anteroposterior velocity: 2.25 [0.20] vs 2.51 [0.32] mm·s−1 with eyes open and 2.44 [0.26] vs 3.06 [0.56] mm·s−1 with eyes closed) and reaction time (0.38 [0.04] vs 0.42 [0.06] s) with no changes in strength from pretesting to posttesting. The athletes in the PWL and control groups maintained performance in all variables. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate negative effects on perceptual motor-skill performance in judo athletes engaging in RWL strategies prior to competition.

scholarly journals Comparison of Physical Effect Between Two Training Methods for Individuals With Substance Use Disorder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
yanguang yang ◽  
Jing-yi Chen ◽  
Xiao-wu Pang ◽  
Meng-lu Shen ◽  
Su-yong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Hand Grip ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Push Up

Abstract Background: High-intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has recently been widely used for health promotion in healthy people and patients with chronic diseases. It is not clear whether HIIT can bring better physical rehabilitation benefits to individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) than that of Moderate-intensity continuous Training (MICT). The study aimed to compare the effects of HIIT versus MICT on the physical fitness of individuals with SUD.Methods: A total 120 individuals with amphetamine-type stimulant dependent from a compulsory drug rehabilitation center voluntarily took part in this study. They were randomly assigned to the HIIT group (experimental group) and MICT group (control group). The subjects in experimental group received HIIT training three times a week (80%-85%HRMax, 60min). The exercise included rope jumping, running, weight training and basketball game. The subjects from control group received MICT 3 times a week (60%HRMax, 60min), including Tai Chi, mind-body exercise and recreation activity. Physical fitness assessment were performed at the baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months exercise intervention including blood pressure (BP), vital capacity (VC), hand grip, push-up, sit-and-reach, one-leg-stand with eyes closed and choice reaction time. The craving level was assessed using the visual analog scale （VAS）at the baseline, 6 months and 12 months. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to test whether the intervention were different after 12 months.Results: The within-group factor displayed significant changes in HIIT and MICT groups in terms of the systolic BP (F (4,336) =12.799), diastolic BP (F(4,336) =9.495), VC (F(4,336)=18.121), hand grip (F(4,336)=34.815), sit-and-reach (F(4,336) =13.871), choice reaction time (F(4,336) =20.603), one-leg-stand with eyes closed (F(4,336) =14.495) and push-up (F(4,336) =28.805). The craving level decreased after 12 months intervention in both groups (F(2,168) =11.25, P<0.001), but there was not significant differences between HIIT and MICT group.Conclusion: Both HIIT and MICT can promote the physical fitness rehabilitation for individuals with SUD. Clinical Trials Registry: ChiCTR1900022158 Chinese Clinical Trial Registry

The Effects of Depleted Self-Control Strength on Skill-Based Task Performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond McEwan ◽  
Kathleen A. Martin Ginis ◽  
Steven R. Bray
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Ego Depletion ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
Myoelectrical Activity ◽  
Control Strength ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of depleted self-control strength on skill-based sports task performance. Sixty-two participants completed the following: a baseline dart-tossing task (20 tosses), with measures of accuracy, reaction time, and myoelectrical activity of the arms taken throughout; a self-control depletion (experimental) or a nondepletion (control) manipulation; and a second round of dart tossing. As hypothesized, participants in the experimental condition had poorer mean accuracy at Round 2 than control condition participants, and a significant decline in accuracy from Round 1 to Round 2. Experimental condition participants also demonstrated poorer consistency in accuracy compared with control condition participants at Round 2 and a significant deterioration in consistency from Round 1 to Round 2. In addition, consistency in reaction time improved significantly for the control group but not for the experimental group. The results of this study provide evidence that ego depletion effects occur in the performance of a skill-based sports task.

The use of Control Groups in Artificial Grammar Learning

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Reber ◽  
Pierre Perruchet
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Grammar Learning ◽  
Artificial Grammar ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Grammar Learning ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Experimental Group

Experimenters assume that participants of an experimental group have learned an artificial grammar if they classify test items with significantly higher accuracy than does a control group without training. The validity of such a comparison, however, depends on an additivity assumption: Learning is superimposed on the action of non-specific variables—for example, repetitions of letters, which modulate the performance of the experimental group and the control group to the same extent. In two experiments we were able to show that this additivity assumption does not hold. Grammaticality classifications in control groups without training (Experiments 1 and 2) depended on non-specific features. There were no such biases in the experimental groups. Control groups with training on randomized strings (Experiment 2) showed fewer biases than did control groups without training. Furthermore, we reanalysed published research and demonstrated that earlier experiments using control groups without training had produced similar biases in control group performances, bolstering the finding that using control groups without training is methodologically unsound.

scholarly journals Study of impact of transcendental meditation on reaction time and cardiovascular parameters in young healthy volunteers

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1480
Author(s):  
Unaiza Azmi ◽  
Neeta Iyer ◽  
Tanzeem Azmi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Transcendental Meditation ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cardiovascular Parameters ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

Background: Transcendental meditation technique is purported to help treat high blood pressure, chronic pain, insomnia, and many other physical ailments. The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of transcendental meditation on reaction time and cardiovascular parameters in young healthy volunteers.Methods: In this single centre, randomized, controlled study, 120 1st year M.B.B.S and OTPT students were recruited and put into two groups [control (60), experiment (60)]. Simple Auditory Reaction Time (ART) and Visual Reaction Time (VRT), along with Heart Rate (HR) and Blood Pressure (BP), of all subjects were recorded and compared. The experimental group participated in 16 weeks of TM programme and performed TM twice in a day, for 20 minutes, sitting comfortably with eyes closed and chanting OM. Control group were only made to sit with eyes closed during the same time. Keeping all the variables constant, all the parameters were measured again after 16 weeks.Results: There was significant reduction in all parameters (ART, VRT, HR, systolic BP and diastolic BP) in experimental group after 16 weeks of TM as compared to control group. ART was significantly shorter than VRT in both experimental and control groups and this difference was maintained after the intervention also.Conclusions: Transcendental meditation is an effective technique for reducing cardiovascular risk and can be prescribed to pre-hypertensive and hypertensive patients for stress reduction, along with medications for better results.

scholarly journals IMPROVEMENT OF REACTION TIME AFTER A WORKPLACE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTERVENTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 515-519
Author(s):  
Rafael Cunha Laux ◽  
Sara Teresinha Corazza
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Test System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Market Strategy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Experimental Group

ABSTRACT Introduction Work activities have been occupying an increasing amount of time in the daily lives of the population, making individuals less physically active. A job market strategy is to invest in physical exercise programs in the actual workplace to improve the physical and cognitive aspects of these employees. Objective To verify the effects of a workplace physical exercise program on the simple and choice reaction times of public university employees. Methods Twenty-six physically inactive male and female subjects with a mean age of 29.62 ± 6.47 years underwent a program consisting of thirty-six sessions with physical exercises in the workplace, held three times a week over twelve weeks. Simple reaction time (SRT) and choice reaction time (CRT) were assessed before and after the intervention, using the Vienna Test System®, and the results were presented in: I) reaction time, II) movement time; and (III) response time. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted using the statistical program SPSS® (version 21.0 for Windows), with a significance level of 5%. Results When observing the SRT and CRT variables before and after the experiment, we noticed an improvement in reaction time, movement time and response time in the experimental group but not in the control group. Conclusion The workplace physical exercise program was able to reduce the SRT and CRT of the experimental group. Level of evidence I; randomized clinical trial.

scholarly journals The impact of fencing training symmetrisation on simple reaction time

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-236
Author(s):  
Monika Johne
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Unilateral Training

Abstract Study aim: The symmetrisation of movements can be a way to develop individual coordinative skills, and to prevent the occur-rence of injuries. For this reason, in this study an attempt was made to evaluate and compare simple reaction time and movement time for épée fencers of different sports classes, and to determine the impact that three years of symmetrisation training and unilateral training have on the speed of reaction components and on dynamical asymmetry. Material and methods: The study was conducted on 60 women épée fencers of different sports classes, and it was repeated in two groups after three years of unilateral and symmetrisation training. Simple reaction time and movement time for the dominant and the non-dominant hand were analysed using Vienna Test System. Results: Women épée fencers of high sports class were characterised by a significantly faster reaction time than their less experienced colleagues. In tests conducted after three years of symmetrisation training, athletes from the experimental group achieved also much better results in reaction time (RT) than those from the control group training with the unilateral method. Conclusions: Long-time unilateral training of master class women épée fencers led to dynamical asymmetry, which in the future could cause injuries and have a negative impact on the development of selected motor skills. Symmetrical training conducted in the experimental group had a positive impact on reaction time indicators as well as on movement time indicators, and it prevented the occurrence of dynamical asymmetry in the tested competitors. Thus, it can be inferred that symmetrical exercises will have a positive impact on training effectiveness and on versatility of athletes.

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