scholarly journals Age dynamics of higher mental functions among the employees of law enforcement agencies

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-60
Author(s):  
D.A. Kotelnikova ◽  
M.M. Pronicheva ◽  
A.S. Vasilchenko
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Mental Functions ◽  
Age Dynamics ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Higher Mental Functions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Age Related Changes

The article presents the results of the research on the age dynamics of higher mental functions among the employees of law enforcement agencies. There was an assumption that the decrease in concentration of attention, visual and somatosensory gnosis and visual memory dominate in the structure of age-related changes in higher mental functions among employees of law enforcement agencies. The sample of the study was 68 soldiers aged from 19 to 41 years (mean age of the group 27 ± 4.78). The methodological complex included methods aimed to evaluate the function of gnosis (Recognition of the figures of Poppelreiter, Had's sampling, Copying of the drawing with a rotation of 180°, Posture transfer, Feeling of Ferster, Reproduction of rhythms), attention (Schulte's Tables, Bourdon's Correction Test) and memory (Memorization of two-valued numbers, the memorization of two semantic series, the test "5 figures"). It was revealed that, irrespective of age, the functional disorder of basal-frontal, "deep" structures and temporal divisions of the brain predominates in the entire sample. The structure of age-related changes is dominated by a decline in visual-spatial functions, changes in visual and somatosensory gnosis, as well as visual memory.

Age-related changes in the brain transfer of blood-borne horseradish peroxidase in the hippocampus of senescence-accelerated mouse

1997 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ueno ◽  
Ichiro Akiguchi ◽  
Masanori Hosokawa ◽  
Masahiko Shinnou ◽  
Haruhiko Sakamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Senescence Accelerated Mouse ◽  
Age Related Changes

scholarly journals Somatotypical features of the age dynamics of secondary sexual characteristics and functional parameters in city schoolchildren

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
V. A. Melnik
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Age Dynamics ◽  
Functional Parameters ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Age Related Changes ◽  
Secondary Sexual

Objective: to assess the constitutional features of the age dynamics of secondary sexual characteristics and functional parameters of city schoolchildren in the age range of 7–17 years.Materials and methods. The objects of the study were schoolchildren aged 7–17. The stages of the expression of secondary sexual characteristics were determined visually according to the scheme by J.M. Tanner. The functional parameters of the examined schoolchildren were assessed using the methods of dynamometry, spirometry; blood pressure and heart rates, as well as the time of simple sensorimotor reactions were measured.Results. As a result of the performed studies, it has been found that representatives of the hypersomnic types are ahead of other types to reveal the first stages of secondary sexual characteristics. Schoolchildren with the leptosomic morphotypes due to higher rates of their development have reached the definitive stages by the same age as those with the hypersomnic variants. The intensity of age-related changes in functional parameters (strength qualities, circulatory and respiratory systems, nervous system) in the studied objects depends on their body type.Conclusion. The stage and rate of puberty, as well as the development of functional parameters in city schoolchildren depends on their somatotype.

Exercise Impacts Age-Related Changes in Cognitive Function and Neural Complexity

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Heisz ◽  
Ana Kovacevic
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Age Related Changes

Age-related changes in the brain can compromise cognitive function. However, in some cases, the brain is able to functionally reorganize to compensate for some of this loss. The present paper reviews the benefits of exercise on executive functions in older adults and discusses a potential mechanism through which exercise may change the way the brain processes information for better cognitive outcomes. Specifically, older adults who are more physically active demonstrate a shift toward local neural processing that is associated with better executive functions. We discuss the use of neural complexity as a sensitive measure of the neural network plasticity that is enhanced through exercise. We conclude by highlighting the future work needed to improve exercise prescriptions that help older adults maintain their cognitive and physical functions for longer into their lifespan.

Relative potencies of testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone on crowing and cloacal gland growth in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

1984 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Balthazart ◽  
M. Schumacher ◽  
G. Malacarne
Keyword(s):  
Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Behavioural Activity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Female Quail ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Relative Potencies ◽  
Cloacal Gland ◽  
Age Related Changes

ABSTRACT It has been suggested that testosterone is less effective at inducing crowing behaviour in young birds than in adults because of the presence of higher levels of steroid 5β-reductase in the young brain, which converts testosterone to inactive 5β-reduced metabolites. This hypothesis was tested indirectly by comparing the relative potencies of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), which cannot be converted to 5β-metabolities, and testosterone at inducing crowing in young gonadectomized male and female quail. The promotion of cloacal gland growth by these treatments was also assessed since there are no age-related changes in 5β-reductase in this organ. Silicone elastomer implants (2·5, 5 and 10 mm) containing 5α-DHT were more effective at stimulating crowing than similar implants of testosterone whilst there was little difference in their potency at inducing cloacal gland growth. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that brain steroid 5β-reductase regulates the behavioural activity of testosterone in the brain of young birds. J. Endocr. (1984) 100, 19–23

Age-related changes in transmitter glutamate and NMDA receptor/channels in the brain of senescence-accelerated mouse

1992 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihisa Kitamura ◽  
Xue-Hui Zhao ◽  
Toshio Ohnuki ◽  
Makiko Takei ◽  
Yasuyuki Nomura
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Senescence Accelerated Mouse ◽  
Transmitter Glutamate ◽  
Age Related Changes

Nothobranchius fish: an untapped resource for studying aging-related neurodegeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyrone Genade
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Short Lifespan ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
New Models ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Existing Data ◽  
Untapped Resource ◽  
Age Related Changes

: New models in which aging-related neurodegeneration more closely resembling the combination of pathologies that develop in aging humans are needed. The fish Nothobranchius, which naturally develops such pathologies over the course of its short lifespan, is one such model. This review compares the lifespans and pathologies of different Nothobranchius strains to those of current vertebrate models of aging. Furthermore, existing data pertaining to neurodegeneration in these fish is discussed in the context of their reported neuropathologies, along with open questions related to mammalian chronopathologies. Specifically, the evidence for a Parkinson’s disease-like pathology is discussed. Neurogenesis and age-related changes therein are discussed in the context of siRNA and neurodegeneration. We also discuss changes in the expression of neuropeptide Y in relation to the brain-gut axis and how these change with age. Agerelated behavioral changes are discussed, along with the assays used in their evaluation. Genetic discoveries are outlined and discussed with a view on DJ-1/NRF2 signaling in N. furzeri, and on insights gained from comparative genomics and siRNA studies. Finally, research focus areas are highlighted, and a case is made for the utility of these fish in the study of aging-related neurodegeneration, and to screen for environmental risk factors of aging-related neuropathology.

Examining the nervous system of an older patient

2017 ◽  
pp. 865-870
Author(s):  
Henry J. Woodford ◽  
James George
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
White Matter Lesions ◽  
Clinical Situation ◽  
Neurological Assessment ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Power Testing ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Age Related Changes

Ageing is associated with changes in the nervous system, especially the accumulation of neurodegenerative and white matter lesions within the brain. Abnormalities are commonly found when examining older people and some of these are associated with functional impairment and a higher risk of death. In order to reliably interpret examination findings it is important to assess cognition, hearing, vision, and speech first. Clarity of instruction is key. Interpretation of findings must take into account common age-related changes. For example, genuine increased tone should be distinguished from paratonia. Power testing should look for asymmetry within the individual, rather than compare to the strength of the examiner. Parkinsonism should be looked for and gait should be observed. Neurological assessment can incorporate a range of cortical abilities and tests of autonomic function, but the extent of these assessments is likely to be determined by the clinical situation and time available.

scholarly journals Age-related positivity effect on behavioural responses of dogs to human vocalisations

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Smit ◽  
Dora Szabo ◽  
Enikő Kubinyi
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Positivity Effect ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Fundamental Frequencies ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Age Related Changes

AbstractAge-related changes in the brain can alter how emotions are processed. In humans, valence specific changes in attention and memory were reported with increasing age, i.e. older people are less attentive toward and experience fewer negative emotions, while processing of positive emotions remains intact. Little is yet known about this “positivity effect” in non-human animals. We tested young (n = 21, 1–5 years) and old (n = 19, >10 years) family dogs with positive (laugh), negative (cry), and neutral (hiccup, cough) human vocalisations and investigated age-related differences in their behavioural reactions. Only dogs with intact hearing were analysed and the selected sound samples were balanced regarding mean and fundamental frequencies between valence categories. Compared to young dogs, old individuals reacted slower only to the negative sounds and there was no significant difference in the duration of the reactions between groups. The selective response of the aged dogs to the sound stimuli suggests that the results cannot be explained by general cognitive and/or perceptual decline. and supports the presence of an age-related positivity effect in dogs, too. Similarities in emotional processing between humans and dogs may imply analogous changes in subcortical emotional processing in the canine brain during ageing.

Age-Related Changes in Scleral Material Properties of the Monkey Eye

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaël J. A. Girard ◽  
Jun-Kyo F. Suh ◽  
Michael Bottlang ◽  
Claude F. Burgoyne ◽  
J. Crawford Downs
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Lamina Cribrosa ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Type I ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Age Related Changes

The sclera is the outer shell and principal load-bearing tissue of the eye, which consists primarily of avascular lamellae of collagen fibers. Ninety percent of the collagen fibers in the sclera are Type I, which provide the eye with necessary mechanical strength to sustain intraocular pressure (IOP). In the posterior sclera, there is a fenestrated canal, called the optic nerve head (ONH), through which the retinal ganglion cell axons pass transmitting visual signals from the retina to the brain. The opening of the ONH is structurally supported by a fenestrated connective tissue called the lamina cribrosa.

scholarly journals Cerebral localization of the mind and higher functions The beginnings

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliasz Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Mental Functions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cerebral Localization ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Higher Mental Functions ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The debates about the mind and its higher functions, and attempts to locate them in the body, have represented a subject of interest of innumerable sages since ancient times. The doubt concerning the part of the body that housed these functions, the heart (cardiocentric doctrine) or the brain (cephalocentric doctrine), drove the search. The Egyptians, millennia ago, held a cardiocentric view. A very long time later, ancient Greek scholars took up the theme anew, but remained undecided between the heart and the brain, a controversy that lasted for centuries. The cephalocentric view prevailed, and a new inquiry ensued about the location of these functions within the brain, the ventricles or the nervous tissue, which also continued for centuries. The latter localization, although initially inaccurate, gained traction. However, it represented only a beginning, as further studies in the centuries that followed revealed more precise definitions and localizations of the higher mental functions.

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