Yoga as a Complementary Therapy for Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Design and Rationale of the Healthy, Active, and in Control (HA1C) Study

Abstract Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. For most patients, medication alone is not sufficient to achieve glycemic control; attention must also be paid to multiple healthy behaviors including diet, regular physical activity, and stress management. Yoga, a mindfulness practice with emphasis on relaxation, meditation, and deep breathing, may have special relevance to people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Yoga practice may positively affect stress and other self-care tasks that will contribute to improved glycemic control. The Healthy, Active, and in Control (HA1C) study is designed to examine the feasibility and acceptability of yoga among adult patients with T2DM. In this pilot randomized controlled trial, adults with T2DM were randomly assigned to either a 12-week Iyengar Yoga intervention given twice weekly, or a twice-weekly 12-week program of traditional exercise (e.g., walking, stationary cycling). Assessments are conducted at the end of treatment (12 weeks) and at 3 and 6 months postintervention. The HA1C study will assess feasibility and acceptability (e.g., attendance/retention rates, satisfaction with program), glycemic outcomes (e.g., HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose), and changes in physiological (e.g., salivary cortisol) and behavioral factors (e.g., physical activity, diet) relevant to the management of T2DM. Focus groups are conducted at the end of the intervention to explore participants' experience with the program and their perception of the potential utility of yoga for diabetes management.

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Glycemic Monitoring in Diabetics with Sickle Cell Plus β-Thalassemia Hemoglobinopathy

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1345/aph.1g010 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 39 (9) ◽

pp. 1557-1560 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Sheri M Kosecki ◽

Philip T Rodgers ◽

Martha B Adams

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Sickle Cell Disease ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Sickle Cell ◽

Diabetes Management ◽

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Cell Disease

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of diabetes management in a patient with a hemoglobinopathy that caused her clinician to seek a different measure of glycemic control, fructosamine, rather than glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). CASE SUMMARY: A 53-year-old African American woman presented with a past medical history of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, seizure disorder, rheumatoid arthritis, and sickle cell disease plus β-thalassemia. She reported fasting blood glucose values ranging broadly from 50 to 320 mg/dL, yet her HbA1c result remained steady in a low range of >6%. A measure of fructosamine returned elevated at 340 μmol/L (reference range 200–300%). DISCUSSION: We believe that this patient's hemoglobinopathy resulted in falsely low levels of HbA1c, and we substantiate this interpretation with the patient's self-monitored blood glucose values from home that appeared higher and inconsistent with the HbA1c results. Although few reports on using the measure of fructosamine appear in the literature, this patient's high fructosamine result supports fructosamine as the more appropriate measure of glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS: Serum fructosamine levels may be considered as an appropriate laboratory measurement when monitoring long-term glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and sickle cell disease.

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The Effects of Almonds on Gut Microbiota, Glycometabolism, and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13103377 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 3377

Author(s):

Omorogieva Ojo ◽

Xiao-Hua Wang ◽

Osarhumwese Osaretin Ojo ◽

Amanda Rodrigues Amorim Adegboye

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Glycated Haemoglobin ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose

The use of nutritional interventions for managing diabetes is one of the effective strategies aimed at reducing the global prevalence of the condition, which is on the rise. Almonds are the most consumed tree nut and they are known to be rich sources of protein, monounsaturated fatty acids, essential minerals, and dietary fibre. Therefore, the aim of this review was to evaluate the effects of almonds on gut microbiota, glycometabolism, and inflammatory parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out according to the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA). EBSCOhost, which encompasses the Health Sciences Research Databases; Google Scholar; EMBASE; and the reference lists of articles were searched based on population, intervention, control, outcome, and study (PICOS) framework. Searches were carried out from database inception until 1 August 2021 based on medical subject headings (MesH) and synonyms. The meta-analysis was carried out with the Review Manager (RevMan) 5.3 software. Results: Nine randomised studies were included in the systematic review and eight were used for the meta-analysis. The results would suggest that almond-based diets have significant effects in promoting the growth of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing gut microbiota. Furthermore, the meta-analysis showed that almond-based diets were effective in significantly lowering (p < 0.05) glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and body mass index (BMI) in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, it was also found that the effects of almonds were not significant (p > 0.05) in relation to fasting blood glucose, 2 h postprandial blood glucose, inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and Tumour necrosis factor α, TNF-α), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA–IR), and fasting insulin. The biological mechanisms responsible for the outcomes observed in this review in relation to reduction in HbA1c and BMI may be based on the nutrient composition of almonds and the biological effects, including the high fibre content and the low glycaemic index profile. Conclusion: The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis have shown that almond-based diets may be effective in promoting short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and lowering glycated haemoglobin and body mass index in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with control. However, the effects of almonds were not significant (p > 0.05) with respect to fasting blood glucose, 2 h postprandial blood glucose, inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and TNF-α), GLP-1, HOMA–IR, and fasting insulin.

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Triangulating evidence for the causal impact of single-dose zinc supplement on glycemic control for type-2 diabetes

10.1101/2021.12.17.21267964 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhiyang Wang ◽

Carine Ronsmans ◽

Benjamin Woolf

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Causal Effect ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Zinc Supplement ◽

Diabetes Patients

Background: Although previous studies suggested the protective effect of zinc for type-2 diabetes, the unitary causal effect remains inconclusive. Objective: We investigated the causal effect of zinc as a single intervention on glycemic control in type-2 diabetes patients, using a systematic review of RCTs and two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods: Four outcomes were identified: fasting blood glucose/fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and serum insulin/fasting insulin level. In the systematic review, four databases were searched up to June 2021. Results were synthesized through the random-effects meta-analysis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are independent and are strongly related to zinc supplements were selected from MR-base to perform the two-sample MR with inverse-variance weighted (IVW) coefficient. Results: In the systematic review, 14 trials were included. The zinc supplement led to a significant reduction in the post-trial mean of fasting blood glucose (mean difference (MD): -26.52, 95%CI: -35.13, -17.91), HbA1C (MD: -0.52, 95%CI: -0.90, -0.13), and HOMA-IR (MD: -1.65, 95%CI: -2.62, -0.68), compared to the control group. In the two-sample MR, zinc supplement with 2 SNPs associated with lower fasting glucose (IVW coefficient: -2.04, 95%CI: -3.26, -0.83), but not specified type-2 diabetes. Conclusion: Although the study was limited by the few trials (review) and SNPs (two-sample MR), we demonstrated that the single zinc supplementary improved glycemic control among type-2 diabetes patients with causal evidence to a certain extent.

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En Balance: The Contribution of Physical Activity to the Efficacy of Spanish Diabetes Education of Hispanic Americans with Type 2 Diabetes

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2020/4826704 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Dequina A. Nicholas ◽

Lorena M. Salto ◽

Kristen Lavelle ◽

Joy Wilson ◽

W. Lawrence Beeson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Education Program ◽

Mexican Americans ◽

Diabetes Education ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Active Group

Purpose. En Balance, a culturally sensitive diabetes education program, improves glycemic control in Hispanics with type 2 diabetes. The program emphasized diet, physical activity, and other factors important for glycemic control. However, the individual contributions of these education factors are unclear. The purpose of this study is to assess the contribution of physical activity to the success of En Balance in improving the health of Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes. Methods. A retrospective study was conducted with plasma samples collected pre- and post-3-month study. Samples from 58 (18 males and 40 females) Hispanic subjects with type 2 diabetes were analyzed for the concentration of kynurenines, known to decrease in response to exercise. After three months, health outcomes for the active group (decreased kynurenines) and the rest of the cohort were evaluated by paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results. Half of the subjects had increased kynurenine levels at the end of the educational program. We found that the subjects in the active group with decreased kynurenine concentrations displayed statistically greater improvements in fasting blood glucose, A1C, cholesterol, and triglycerides despite weight loss being higher in the group with increased kynurenine concentrations. Conclusions. En Balance participants with decreased kynurenine levels had significantly improved glycemic control. These data suggest that physical activity significantly contributes to the success of the En Balance education program. This analysis indicates that diabetes public health educators should emphasize the benefit of physical activity on glycemic control even in the absence of major weight loss.

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Management of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes by Pharmacists in Primary Care Clinics

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1345/aph.17095 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 636-641 ◽

Cited By ~ 124

Author(s):

Elizabeth A Coast-Senior ◽

Beverly A Kroner ◽

Catherine L Kelley ◽

Lauren E Trilli

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Primary Care ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Face To Face ◽

Primary Care Clinics ◽

Blood Glucose Concentrations

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of clinical pharmacists involved in direct patient care on the glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: Eligible patients included those with type 2 diabetes who received insulin or were initiated on insulin therapy by the pharmacists and were willing to perform self-monitoring of blood glucose. The pharmacists provided diabetes education, medication counseling, monitoring, and insulin initiation and/or adjustments. All initial patient interactions with the pharmacists were face-to-face. Thereafter, patient–pharmacist interactions were either face-to-face or telephone contacts. SETTING: Two primary care clinics in a university-affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS: Study subjects were patients with type 2 diabetes who were referred to the pharmacists by their primary care providers for better glycemic control. OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome variables were changes from baseline in glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, and random blood glucose measurements. Secondary outcomes were the number and severity of symptomatic episodes of hypoglycemia, and the number of emergency room visits or hospitalizations related to diabetes. Twenty-three veterans aged 65 ± 9.4 years completed the study. Fifteen (65%) patients were initiated on insulin by the pharmacists; 8 (35%) were already using insulin. Patients were followed for a mean ± SD of 27 ± 10 weeks. Glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose concentrations, and random blood glucose concentrations significantly decreased from baseline by 2.2% (p = 0.00004), 65 mg/dL (p < 0.01), and 82 mg/dL (p = 0.00001), respectively. Symptomatic hypoglycemic episodes occurred in 35% of patients. None of these episodes required physician intervention. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that pharmacists working as members of interdisciplinary primary care teams can positively impact glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes requiring insulin.

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Effectiveness of the Family Portal Function on the Lilly Connected Care Program (LCCP) for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Retrospective Cohort Study With Propensity Score Matching

JMIR mhealth and uhealth ◽

10.2196/25122 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. e25122

Author(s):

Yiyu Zhang ◽

Chaoyuan Liu ◽

Shuoming Luo ◽

Jin Huang ◽

Yuxin Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Self Monitoring ◽

The Family ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Education Courses

Background Diabetes is a major health concern worldwide. Family member engagement in diabetes self-management education programs can improve patients’ diabetes management. However, there is limited evidence that the family portal on diabetes management apps is effective in the glycemic control of patients with diabetes. Objective We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of family support through the family portal function on Lilly Connected Care Program (LCCP) platform. Methods This retrospective cohort study included patients with type 2 diabetes recruited to the LCCP platform from September 1, 2018, to August 31, 2019. Propensity score matching was used to match family (group A) and non–family (group B) portal use groups with similar baseline characteristics. The patients were followed up with for 12 weeks. The main objectives were differences in mean fasting blood glucose, proportion of patients achieving fasting blood glucose target <7mmol/L, mean postprandial blood glucose, proportion of patients achieving postprandial blood glucose target <10mmol/L, proportion of patients achieving both fasting blood glucose <7mmol/L and postprandial blood glucose <10mmol/L, self-monitoring of blood glucose frequency at week 12 and the number of diabetes education courses patients completed during the 12 weeks. Moreover, logistic regression analysis was used to explore the baseline factors which may be associated with the use of family portal, and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results A total of 6582 adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with type 2 diabetes who were receiving insulin therapy were enrolled in the study. Overall, 6.1% (402/6582) of the patients chose to engage their family members to use the family portal. Two groups of 394 patients were well-matched regarding baseline characteristics. After matching, mean fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose at week 12 were significantly lower in group A than in group B (fasting blood glucose: 7.12 mmol/L, SD 1.70 vs 7.42 mmol/L, SD 1.88, respectively, P=.02; postprandial blood glucose: 8.56 mmol/L, SD 2.51 vs 9.10 mmol/L, SD 2.69, respectively, P=.002). When comparing group A to group B, the proportion of patients achieving both fasting blood glucose <7mmol and postprandial blood glucose <10mmol/L at week 12 (46.8% vs 39.4%, respectively, P=.04), self-monitoring of blood glucose frequency at week 12 (8.92 times per week, SD 6.77 vs 8.02 times per week, SD 5.97, respectively, P=.05) and number of diabetes education courses completed in 12 weeks (23.00, IQR9.00-38.00 vs 15.00, IQR 4.00-36.00, respectively, P<.001) was higher. Additionally, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that higher age (OR=0.987, 95% CI 0.978-0.996, P=.006) and higher baseline fasting blood glucose (OR=0.914, 95% CI 0.859-0.972, P=.004) were correlated with less use of the family portal function, while increased baseline self-monitoring of blood glucose frequency (OR=1.022, 95% CI 1.012-1.032], P<.001) as well as increased education courses (OR=1.026, 95% CI 1.015-1.036, P<.001) were associated with more use of the family portal function. Conclusions Family support through the LCCP family portal is effective for glycemic control and self-management behavior improvement in type 2 diabetes patients.

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IMPACT OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND DIET THERAPY ON GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES

10.36106/ijar/5215908 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-2

Author(s):

B. Premagowri

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Nutrition Education ◽

Diabetes Management ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Diet Therapy ◽

Information Communication ◽

Type 2 Diabetics ◽

Post Test

Lifestyle modications including alteration of diet and physical activity are the rst lines of management during diabetes. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of nutrition education on glycemic control in type 2 diabetics. Around 410 newly detected type 2 diabetics were selected and socio-economic, anthropometric, dietary survey and biochemical data were collected by using the standard interview schedule. Programmed nutrition education using Information Communication Technology (ICT) were conducted to all the selected subjects. Using questionnaire, pre and post test was conducted to nd the knowledge improvement on diabetes management. The mean scores 9.90±1.60 obtained in pre-test were increased to 17.85 ±1.15 after nutrition education. For the selected subjects without hypoglycemic drugs, fasting blood glucose reduced by 27.92mg/dl (t= 8.612), post prandial blood glucose reduced by 53.94mg/dl (t= 14.442) and HbA1c reduced by 0.55% (t= 13.987). Thus, imparting nutrition education through ICT tools was found to be effective in improving the level of nutrition knowledge.

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Pilot Study of a Prototype Integrated Diabetes Management System and the Relationship of Use to Diabetes Management Behaviors and HbA1c Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Iproceedings ◽

10.2196/16298 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. e16298

Author(s):

Connor Devoe ◽

Nils Fischer ◽

Tim Hale ◽

Neda Derakhshani ◽

Mursal Atif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Basal Insulin ◽

Diabetes Management ◽

The United States ◽

Step Count ◽

Management Behaviors ◽

Hba1c Levels

Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the seventh leading cause of death (2017) in the United States, and by 2030 it is estimated that it will affect 439 million globally. Effective glycemic control can be challenging for patients. A tool to guide patients’ in their self-management behaviors and share this data with their physician may improve insulin adherence leading to lower HbA1c. We examined an integrated diabetes management (IDM) system that utilizes a Bluetooth-enabled insulin event capture device, a Bluetooth-enabled glucometer, and an Android smartphone app. IDM data can be viewed by clinicians in the electronic medical record (EMR). Objective The primary aim of this study is to describe how app use is related to insulin adherence, blood glucose measurements, meal snapshots, and step count. Secondarily, we assessed the impact on HbA1c levels over a 3- and 6-month period. Methods Thirty-five participants were enrolled from Boston-area hospitals in this single-arm pilot study. Use of the IDM system was defined as the number of days per week participants logged into the app and moved past the home screen. Three app use groups were created: low app use (0.33-2.46 days per week), medium app use (2.54-5.08 days per week), and high app use (>5.4 days per week). Adherence to insulin, blood glucose measurements, and meal snapshots were defined as a ratio of actual weekly events recorded by participants’ app use divided by their physician’s recommendation. Step count was defined as the total weekly steps for each participant. Daily app-generated data on app use and indicators of diabetes management were collected. HbA1c levels were assessed via blood test at enrollment, 3-months, and 6-months. Using a hierarchical linear mixed model, we examined changes in outcome measures while accounting for random intercepts and slopes to control for variation in individual outcomes over the study. Results Overall app use (average unique days using the app per week) declined from 6.19 days to 3.00 days (at 1 and 24 weeks, respectively). Participants with high app use had significant improvement in bolus and basal insulin adherence per week (0.009 P=.041 [95% CI 0.0004 to 0.018] and 0.016 P<.001 [95% CI 0.0079 to 0.023], respectively), but participants had no significant improvements in blood glucose and meal snapshot adherence or absolute step count. HbA1c significantly decreased per week (coefficient –0.025 [95% CI –0.044 to –0.007], P=.007) with an overall change of 0.6. Participants with high app use significantly improved their HbA1c per week (–0.037 P=.016 [–0.066 to –0.0067]) compared to participants with medium and low app use, yielding a total improvement of 0.88 over 24 weeks. Conclusions Results show that bolus and basal insulin may have increased with higher app use. HbA1c significantly improved over the course of the study, along with significantly greater improvement in HbA1c among participants with higher app use compared to participants in the middle or low app use groups. This study is not designed or intended to evaluate efficacy but provides results to guide the future design and development of this prototype IDM system.

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Intensive conservative insulin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Orvosi Hetilap ◽

10.1556/oh.2012.29451 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 153 (38) ◽

pp. 1487-1493

Author(s):

György Jermendy

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Conventional Treatment ◽

Insulin Treatment ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Analogues ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Medical Team ◽

Basal Bolus

In the last couple of years, the intensive conservative insulin treatment (basal-bolus regime) became more and more popular even in patients with type 2 diabetes. Using this insulin treatment, continuous patient education, co-operation between the medical team (diabetologist, dietician and diabetes-nurses) and the patient as well as the availability of modern insulins, pens and glucometers are of great importance. Clearly, the basal-bolus treatment with human insulin has advantages over the conservative (conventional) treatment with twice daily premix insulins. Moreover, the basal-bolus treatment with insulin-analogues proved to be superior in some aspects as compared to human insulins. The intensive insulin treatment (basal-bolus regime with insulin-analogues) approaches the optimal insulin substitution and, with its use the adequate correction of each element of the glucose triad (fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, HbA1c) should be considered feasible even in patients with type 2 diabetes. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1487–1493.

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Remotely Monitored Gamification and Social Incentives to Improve Glycemic Control Among Adults With Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes (iDiabetes): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.14180 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Fortunato ◽

Joseph Harrison ◽

Ai Leen Oon ◽

Dylan Small ◽

Victoria Hilbert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Behavioral Economics ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

The United States ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Social Incentives

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Lifestyle modifications including increasing physical activity and losing weight have been demonstrated to improve glycemic control. However, most patients struggle to make these changes. Many stakeholders are interested in using gamification and social incentives to increase engagement in healthy behaviors. However, these approaches often do not appropriately leverage insights from behavioral economics that could be used to address predictable barriers to behavior change. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the protocol for the <italic>Influencing DIabetics to Adapt Behaviors related to Exercise and weighT by Enhancing Social incentives</italic> (iDiabetes) trial, which aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of gamification interventions that leverage insights from behavioral economics to enhance supportive, competitive, or collaborative social incentives to improve glycemic control, promote weight loss, and increase physical activity among overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We are conducting a one-year four-arm randomized controlled trial of 361 overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes and a glycated hemoglobin (HbA<sub>1c</sub>) level ≥8.0. Wireless weight scales and wearable devices are provided to remotely monitor weight and physical activity and transmit data to the study team. Patients are recruited by email, following which they establish a baseline measure of weight, daily step count, HbA<sub>1c</sub> level, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and then repeat these measures at 6 and 12 months. The control arm receives no other interventions. Patients randomized to one of the three intervention arms are entered into a game designed using insights from behavioral economics to enhance supportive, competitive, or collaborative social incentives. To examine predictors of strong or poor performance, participants completed validated questionnaires on a range of areas including their personality, risk preferences, and social network. RESULTS Enrollment of 361 patients was completed in January 2019. Results are expected in 2020. CONCLUSIONS The iDiabetes trial represents a scalable model to remotely monitor the daily health behaviors of adults with type 2 diabetes. Results from this trial will help provide insights into how to improve management of patients with type 2 diabetes. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02961192; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02961192

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