scholarly journals “Problem Children” and “Children with Problems”: Discipline and Innocence in a Gentrifying Elementary School

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 550-572
Author(s):  
ALEXANDRA FREIDUS
Keyword(s):  
School Discipline ◽  
School Staff ◽  
Classroom Observations ◽  
White Children ◽  
White Girl ◽  
Discipline Gap ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Problem Child ◽  
White Innocence

This article examines the ways Hazel, a white girl entering kindergarten, became known as a child with a problem rather than a problem child in her gentrifying school. Building on a year of classroom observations and interviews with students, school staff, and parents, author Alexandra Freidus identifies the role of racialized discourses related to disposition, medicalization, family, and community in shaping Hazel’s reputation and contrasts Hazel’s reputation with that of Marquise, a Black boy in her class. Hazel’s and Marquise’s storylines teach us that to fully understand and address the differences in how Black and white children are disciplined, we need to look closely at the allowances and affordances we make for some students, as well as how we disproportionately punish others. By examining the ways educators in a gentrifying school construct white innocence and Black culpability, this study illustrates the relational nature of the “school discipline gap” and helps us understand how and why some children are disproportionately subject to surveillance and exclusion and others are not.

scholarly journals “Problem Children” and “Children with Problems”: Discipline and Innocence in a Gentrifying Elementary School

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Freidus
Keyword(s):  
School Discipline ◽  
School Staff ◽  
Classroom Observations ◽  
White Children ◽  
White Girl ◽  
Discipline Gap ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Problem Child ◽  
White Innocence

This article examines the ways Hazel, a white girl entering kindergarten, became known as a child with a problem rather than a problem child in her gentrifying school. Building on a year of classroom observations and interviews with students, school staff, and parents, author Alexandra Freidus identifies the role of racialized discourses related to disposition, medicalization, and family and community in shaping Hazel’s reputation and contrasts Hazel’s reputation with that of Marquise, a Black boy in her class. Hazel’s and Marquise’s storylines teach us that to fully understand and address the differences in how Black and white children are disciplined, we need to look closely at the allowances and affordances we make for some students, as well as how we disproportionately punish others. By examining the ways educators in a gentrifying school construct white innocence and Black culpability, this study illustrates the relational nature of the “school discipline gap” and helps us understand how and why some children are disproportionately subject to surveillance and exclusion when others are not.

The Black/White Skill Gap in Early Childhood: The Role of Parenting

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-551
Author(s):  
Benjamin G. Gibbs ◽  
Douglas B. Downey
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Cognitive Skill ◽  
Powerful Predictor ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
American Society

Researchers have sought to understand why cognitive skill disparities between black and white children persist in American society, but the most thorough examinations study school-aged children during a period when the black/white skill gap is already well established. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort of 2001, we find trivial black/white differences in cognitive skills at 10 months of age but large disparities at 24 and 48 months, suggesting that the gap emerges in force between 10 months and age four. Although black/white differences in parenting are a powerful predictor, these variations are driven by socioeconomic and related factors that directly and indirectly shape cognitive development gaps between black and white children.

scholarly journals Associations between physical activity and bone mass in black and white South African children at age 9 yr

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 1006-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. McVeigh ◽  
S. A. Norris ◽  
N. Cameron ◽  
J. M. Pettifor
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
South African ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Reaction Forces

We investigated differences in physical activity (PA) levels between black and white South African 9-yr-old children and their association with bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. PA was analyzed in terms of a metabolic (METPA; weighted metabolic score of intensity, frequency, and duration) and a mechanical (MECHPA; sum of all ground reaction forces multiplied by duration) component. There were significant ethnic differences in patterns of activity. White children expended a significantly greater energy score (METPA of 21.7 ± 2.9) than black children (METPA of 9.5 ± 0.5) ( P < 0.001). When children were divided into quartiles according to the amount and intensity of sport played, the most active white children (using METPA scores) had significantly higher whole body BMD and higher hip and spine BMC and BMD than less active children. White children in the highest MECHPA quartile also showed significantly higher whole body, hip, and spine BMC and BMD than those children in the lowest quartile. No association between exercise and bone mass of black children was found. In this population, PA has an osteogenic association with white children, but not black children, which may be explained by the lower levels of PA in the black children. Despite this, black children had significantly greater bone mass at the hip and spine (girls only) ( P < 0.001) even after adjustment for body size. The role of exercise in increasing bone mass may become increasingly critical as a protective mechanism against osteoporosis in both ethnic groups, especially because the genetic benefit exhibited by black children to higher bone mass may be weakened with time, as environmental influences become stronger.

Attractiveness/Beauty and Color Preferences Among Black and White Children

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen N. Campbell ◽  
Christian Delucia ◽  
Erin Hughes ◽  
Marybeth Bailar-Heath ◽  
Tom McDonagh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Color Preferences ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White

Racial Disparities in Allergic Outcomes Persist to Age 10 Years in Black and White Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 146 (Supplement 4) ◽  
pp. S330.2-S331
Author(s):  
Timothy Chow ◽  
Jeffrey Chambliss
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White

Emerging Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Commerce in India: A Study on Societal Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Utkarsh Kumar ◽  
Anil Kumar Gope ◽  
Shweta Singh
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Societal Perspective ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Mobile Commerce ◽  
Mobile Banking ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The People ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

In India, the position of mobile banking was in saga and this time, it is in pic position. The speedof reaching the people is going high and high. This is time of wireless world and sense of prestige; no doubt the mobile commerce is contributing to enhance the beauty of life and playing the role of metaphor and has become the part and parcel of our life. This growth has changed people to do business in mobile commerce (М- Commerce). Peoples are transferring to M-Commerce to attain good and fast transaction into market and saving their precious time. M-Commerce has become distinguished in Indian people, quickly during last few years. Due to large number of mobile application, growth rate in mobile penetration in India is increasing with the rapid speed. The mobile users has shifted to use the android phone from simple and black and white phone and taking the service of internet, the role of telecom companies is also important in the being popular of mobile commerce. Although many people have started E-Commerce but still a separate part of the society feel uncomfortable and hesitate to use M-Commerce because of security problems, payment issues and complexity of mobile applications. This paper identifies facts about the feasibility of MCommercein India today its growth and the Strength and opportunity, weakness and threats lying ahead.

Scripturalizing and the Second Amendment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosamond C. Rodman
Keyword(s):  
White Women ◽  
White Children ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Second Amendment ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Status ◽  
Us Constitution ◽  
Half Decade

Expanding beyond the text of the Bible, this chapter explores instead a piece of political scripture, namely the Second Amendment of the US Constitution. Over the last half-decade, the Second Amendment has come to enjoy the status of a kind of scripture-within-scripture. Vaulted to a much more prominent status than it had held in the first 150 years or so of its existence, and having undergone a remarkable shift in what most Americans think it means, the Second Amendment provides an opportunity to examine the linguistic, racial, and gendered modes by which these changes were effected, paying particular attention to the ways in which white children and white women were conscripted into the role of the masculine, frontier-defending US citizen.

The Constitutional Court of South Africa: Thoughts on its 25-Year-Long Legacy of Judicial Activism

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-33
Author(s):  
Lucky Mathebe
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Democratic Accountability ◽  
Constitutional Democracy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Marginalised Groups

After almost 25 years of what could justifiably be called transformative change in South Africa, a truism is that the country’s new legal order, established by the Constitution in 1993 and 1996, provides the critical foundation of peace and security upon which its freedom has been built. The Constitutional Court was one of the most important of the new democratic institutions in the shaping of the country’s position as a constitutional democracy, upholding the values for which millions of people, black and white, had fought. This article is a brief reflection on the role of the Court in establishing the meaning of this democracy and giving it effect. The main goal of the article is to understand how the Court’s new jurisprudence works in particular contexts, how its work is related to crime and punishment, and what it means for the rights of marginalised groups in society. Using the examples of the Court’s decision in Makwanyane on the death penalty, and the Court’s decision on the findings of the Public Protector’s report on Nkandla, the article finds that the Court’s new jurisprudence takes quite a different view of legal developments in South Africa, insofar as the jurisprudence entrusts broad discretion to the Court and emphasises the need for sustained leadership of the Court to advance the battle for fundamental human rights, the rule of law, and democratic accountability.

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