POSSIBILITIES FOR PRESENTING THE LATGALIAN LANGUAGE MATERIAL IN THE TRANSLATING TRILINGUAL DICTIONARIES

Via Latgalica ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Lidija Leikuma
Keyword(s):  
Literary Language ◽  
Word Usage ◽  
Problem Situations ◽  
Base Language ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Lexical Composition ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Selection Of

The article presents the conclusions the author has come to during the implementation of the project “Development of Research Infrastructure for Education in the Humanities in Eastern Latvia, Lithuania”) the code name of which is “LLIII-207 HipiLatLit”. On the basis of 1,000,000 (one million) word usage instances of “Frequency Dictionary of the Written Sources of the Lithuanian Language” (“Dažninis rašytinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas” (Compiler A. Utka; http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/publikacijos/Dazninis_zodynas.pdf) an original translating dictionary containing 10,000 units has been compiled. For the most frequently used words of the base (Lithuanian) language the counterparts have been given in the two standardised variants of the Latvian language – the Latvian literary language and the Latgalian written or literary language. The ways of searching and possibilities of fi nding the equivalents are shown by the insight into the laboratory of creation of the electronic “Lithuanian-Latvian- Latgalian Dictionary”, focusing on the Latgalian part of the dictionary in more detail. Since a wide-scale and linguistically correct collection of the Latgalian vocabulary is still not available, in the process of the development of the dictionary it was necessary to deal with a number of theoretical and practical problems. For solving of these problems the conclusions of the Latvian (Alīse Laua, Ruta Veidemane, Liene Roze, Inta Freimane) and non-Latvian (Valery Berkov, Vladimir Dubichinski, Evalda Jakaitienė) lexicologists and lexicographers have been applied. In the project much has been done for clearing up and specifying the semantic counterparts of the base language in accordance with the qualities of the corpus. The linguistic processing of the selected lexemes and homogeneous interpretation of the material needed multiple checking of the material as it is given in dictionaries and scrupulous comparison. The semantic structure coincides for unambiguous words, i.e. vocabulary of general use, for other cases translating and explaining equivalents have been searched for. Nowadays not everything corresponds any longer to the recordings in the earlier lexicographic sources (“The Lithuanian-Latvian dictionary” (1995), “The Latvian Literary Language Dictionary” (1972–1996)) – the languages have been changing. Also the Latgalian part of the dictionary presents the changes of the lexical composition and word meanings. It has been tried to display it with appropriate markings as to the restrictions of the word usage. Although in the Latgalian language at times there are no necessary terms or names for the abstract concepts, however, it is possible to find the necessary counterparts for everything. The lexicographic finish of the material enclosed is explained in more detail. The most important dictionaries for the project under implementation have been actualised. Up to now, two translating trilingual dictionaries have been published (Jānis Kurmins “Słownik polsko łacinsko łotewski” (1858) and Eduards Kozlovskis “Krìwu- Latgališu-Wòcu wòrdinica” (1918)) where one of the languages is Latgalian; topical entries of these dictionaries have been dealt with in more detail. Also other developments have been analysed, namely those containing the Latgalian vocabulary, critical comments being given on potential neologisms, namely nonce-words. The majority of the collections of the Latgalian vocabulary are not extensive, and their producers have generally not been the Baltic linguists. The two former lexicographic sources have a normative nature: Pīters Strods “Pareizraksteibas vōrdneica" (1933) and Mikelis Bukšs and Juris Placinskis “Latgaļu volūdas gramatika un pareizraksteibas vōrdneica” (1973). In selecting the Latgalian counterparts for the new dictionary both the former normative sources have been taken into account and traditions have been observed, the area of the usage of lexemes, the significance of the word or the form, the frequency of the usage, etc. have been respected. The possibilities of the Latgalian language to present the semantic counterparts for the relevant lexemes of the Lithuanian and Latvian languages have been characterised in more detail. In compliance with the base language both the equivalent Latgalian vocabulary and that one having no direct equivalent have been shown, the principles for selection of synonyms and word variants have been explained, the necessity of inclusion of the word variants in the translating dictionary has been substantiated. The less the language has been cultivated, the higher number of variants it has, although the option of choice of variants is unsatisfactory mostly for practitioners. Some uncertainty in the Latgalian language at the moment is inevitable: due to uncertain status of the language and the variable use as regards the intensity of utilisation, the language has been standardised and codified deficiently up to now. In this article a special attention has been paid to the analysis of the very material of the Latgalian language, to the synonyms of the Latgalian equivalents, the explanations as regards indications of the restrictions on the word usage. Occasionally more detailed comments have been given for the relevant examples. Due to the rich use of marking “The Lithuanian-Latvian-Latgalian Dictionary” differs from the traditional translating dictionaries where appropriate signs are used less frequently, however, cultivation of the language is promoted just by evaluation of the vocabulary layers, analysis of potentials, predictions of the further changes. Such problem situations as, for example, usefulness of inclusion of a greater number of Slavisms, a lack of consequence as to indications of the stylistic shade of colloquial speech, the uncertain coherence between the colloquialisms and barbarisms have been discussed in the article. The place of the literarisms has been dealt with in the system of the Latgalian language, their fitting and “inevitability" nowadays have been analysed. Some of the uncertainties remained in the development of the dictionary have been outlined. Evaluation has also been provided for the selection of the Latgalian vocabulary, thus giving new, clearer and more certain impulses as to the content for cultivators of the Latgalian language. The compiled electronic “Lithuanian-Latvian-Latgalian Dictionary” will be useful both for practical use and research in lexicology and lexicography. Its Latgalian part can be used as a basis for the further lexicographic developments.

Reading Early Modern literature through OED3

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-39
Author(s):  
Giles Goodland
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Early Modern Literature ◽  
Oxford English Dictionary ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Loan Word ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Selection Of

We may think we know what a neologism is, but it is hard to isolate the nature of the moment in which neologizing occurs. In literature sometimes this moment is enacted for effects that may not belong to the discourses of normal communication, and these effects are compounded when it is a loan-neologism. The Early Modern period was one of increasing contact between the languages of Europe, and literature responded to this in a variety of ways. This paper looks at neologistic borrowings into English literature, using a selection of canonical authors as refracted through the Oxford English Dictionary, to see if they can tell us something about the porousness of literary language in this period. Keywords: Oxford English Dictionary; Shakespeare; Jonson; Dryden; Skelton; loan word; neologism

Apartheid Aesthetics and Insignificant Art

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-69
Author(s):  
Stephanus Muller
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
South African ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
Art Songs ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Small House ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Selection Of

Stephanus Le Roux Marais (1896−1979) lived in Graaff-Reinet, South Africa, for nearly a quarter of a century. He taught music at the local secondary school, composed most of his extended output of Afrikaans art songs, and painted a number of small landscapes in the garden of his small house, nestled in the bend of the Sunday’s River. Marais’s music earned him a position of cultural significance in the decades of Afrikaner dominance of South Africa. His best-known songs (“Heimwee,” “Kom dans, Klaradyn,” and “Oktobermaand”) earned him the local appellation of “the Afrikaans Schubert” and were famously sung all over the world by the soprano Mimi Coertse. The role his ouevre played in the construction of a so-called European culture in Africa is uncontested. Yet surprisingly little attention has been paid to the rich evocations of landscape encountered in Marais’s work. Contextualized by a selection of Marais’s paintings, this article glosses the index of landscape in this body of cultural production. The prevalence of landscape in Marais’s work and the range of its expression contribute novel perspectives to understanding colonial constructions of the twentieth-century South African landscape. Like the vast, empty, and ancient landscape of the Karoo, where Marais lived during the last decades of his life, his music assumes specificity not through efforts to prioritize individual expression, but through the distinct absence of such efforts. Listening for landscape in Marais’s songs, one encounters the embrace of generic musical conventions as a condition for the construction of a particular national identity. Colonial white landscape, Marais’s work seems to suggest, is deprived of a compelling musical aesthetic by its very embrace and desired possession of that landscape.

Modernism and Non-Translation

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
James Joyce ◽  
Ezra Pound ◽  
Modernist Literature ◽  
Cultural Implications ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Reading Key ◽  
Modernist Fiction ◽  
Selection Of

Modernism and Non-Translation proposes a new way of reading key modernist texts, including the work of canonical figures such as T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Ezra Pound. The topic of this book is the incorporation of untranslated fragments from various languages within modernist writing. It explores non-translation in modernist fiction, poetry, and other forms, with a principally European focus. The intention is to begin to answer a question that demands collective expertise: what are the aesthetic and cultural implications of non-translation for modernist literature? How did non-translation shape the poetics, and cultural politics, of some of the most important writers of this period? Twelve essays by leading scholars of modernism explore American, British, and Irish texts, alongside major French and German writers, and the wider modernist recovery of Classical languages. They explore non-translation from the dual perspectives of both ‘insider’ and ‘outsider’, unsettling that false opposition, and articulating in the process their individuality of expression and experience. The range explored indicates something of the reach and vitality of the matter of translation—and specifically non-translation—across a selection of poetry, fiction, and non-fictional prose, while focusing on mainly canonical voices. Offering a series of case studies, the volume aims to encourage further exploration of connections across languages and among writers. Together, the collection seeks to provoke and extend debate on the aesthetic, cultural, political, and conceptual dimensions of non-translation as an important yet hitherto neglected facet of modernism, helping to redefine our understanding of that movement. It demonstrates the rich possibilities of reading modernism through instances of non-translation.

STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION OF LEXEME “TORTMOQ” IN OLD UZBEK LITERARY LANGUAGE DURING ALISHER NAVAI PERIOD

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Khamidulla Dadaboyev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Word Usage ◽  
The Common

This article is devoted to the analysis of the semantic structure of the common Turkic word “tortmoq” “pull, drag” on the example of factual materials recorded in the ancient Turkic, Old Turkic and Old Uzbek written monuments. The analysis showed that intralinguistic and extralinguistic factors, the possibilities of the Uzbek language in the process of expressing the meaning of this vocabulary, as well as the mastery of word usage by one author or another, played a certain role in the formation and development of the semantic scale of the lexeme. The conclusions can be used in enriching the point of view regarding semasiology, in improving the explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR TRAIN STARTING WITH ELASTIC CONNECTIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
I.P. POPOV
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Differential Equations ◽  
Friction Force ◽  
Static Friction ◽  
Longitudinal Vibrations ◽  
Maximum Tension ◽  
Inert Mass ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Elastic Couplings ◽  
Selection Of

The starting mode for the train is the most difficult. An effective method of pulling is the selection of coupling clearances. In this case, the cars are set in motion sequentially and the inert mass, as well as the static friction force immediately at the moment of starting, are minimal. This method has two significant drawbacks - a small fixed value of the gaps in the couplings and the shock nature of the impulse transfer. These disadvantages can be avoided by using elastically deformable couplings. The aim of this work is to construct a mathematical model of "easy" starting of a train with elastic couplings. The softening of the train start-off mode is essentially due to the replacement of the simultaneous start-off of the sections with alternate ones. To exclude longitudinal vibrations of the composition, after reaching the maximum tension of the coupling, the possibility of its harmonic compression should be mechanically blocked.

Motion Simulation of Key Components in a Package Machine

2012 ◽  
Vol 557-559 ◽  
pp. 2303-2306
Author(s):  
Shu Bin Kan
Keyword(s):  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Motion Simulation ◽  
Software Environment ◽  
Optimization Result ◽  
Adams Software ◽  
Motion Characteristic ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Selection Of

The motion characteristic of key components is a decisional factor to the working reliability and stability of a package machine. In this paper, the motion simulation of a key component is carried out in the ADAMS software environment. By analysis of the force, variance of the center-of-mass and the moment of the component, the mutation point in the motion is found, and then the structure is optimized by selection of different structural parameters. The optimization result shows a significant improvement for the reliability and stability of the whole machine.

A distributional theory for asymptotic expansions

1990 ◽  
Vol 428 (1875) ◽  
pp. 399-430 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Expansions ◽  
Asymptotic Series ◽  
Generalized Functions ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One ◽  
Topological Tensor Products ◽  
Multidimensional Integrals ◽  
Vector Valued ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Mathematics And Physics

We present various techniques for the asymptotic expansions of generalized functions. We show that the moment asymptotic expansions hold for a very wide variety of kernels such as generalized functions of rapid decay and rapid oscillations. We do not use Mellin transform techniques as done by previous authors in the field. Instead, we introduce a direct approach that not only solves the one-dimensional problems but also applies to various multidimensional integrals and oscillatory kernels as well. This approach also helps in the development of various asymptotic series arising in diverse fields of mathematics and physics. We find that the asymptotic expansions of generalized functions depend on the selection of suitable spaces of test functions. Accordingly, we have exercised special care in classifying the spaces and the distributions defined on them. Furthermore, we use the theory of topological tensor products to obtain the expansions of vector-valued distributions. We present several examples to illustrate that many classical results follow in a simple manner. For instance, we derive from our results the asymptotic expansions of certain series considered by Ramanujan.

scholarly journals IMPORTANCE OF CLASSICAL MORPHOLOGY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e2015035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosangela Invernizzi ◽  
Federica Quaglia ◽  
Matteo Giovanni Della Porta
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Selection Of

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplastic, ineffective, clonal and neoplastic hematopoiesis. MDS represent a complex hematological problem: differences in disease presentation, progression and outcome  have necessitated the use of classification systems to improve diagnosis, prognostication and treatment selection. However, since a single biological or genetic reliable diagnostic marker has not yet been discovered for MDS, quantitative and qualitative dysplastic morphological alterations of bone marrow precursors and of peripheral blood cells are still fundamental for diagnostic classification. In this paper World Health Organization (WHO) classification refinements and current minimal diagnostic criteria proposed by expert panels are highlighted and related problematic issues are discussed. The recommendations should facilitate diagnostic and prognostic evaluations in MDS and selection of patients for new effective targeted therapies. Although in the future morphology should be supplemented with new molecular techniques, the morphological approach, at least for the moment, is still the cornerstone for the diagnosis and classification of these disorders.

scholarly journals Review of the Literature on Latin America in Ketab-e-Jom’eh

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jom’ehToloo Riazi
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Literature And Society ◽  
Revolutionary Movements ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Interpretative Approach ◽  
Symbolic Approach ◽  
Selection Of

This paper aims to analyze a weekly magazine called Ketab-e-Jom’eh (Friday’s Book) and the reflection of Latin American’s revolutionary movements in it. Ketab-e-Jom’eh, published from July 26, 1979, to May 22, 1980, was supervised by a number of the most legendary Iranian authors and poets, such as Ahmad Shamloo1 and Gholam Hossein Saedi. I focus on the way a particular perspective on Latin American movements is constructed and perpetuated among Ketab-e-Jom’eh’s lectors. With a symbolic approach, I analyze those texts through their symbolic representation in the Iranian society, which requires me to study those symbols and their concomitant relevance in Iran. Eventually, I will use an interpretative approach to examine this magazine’s ideologically motivated articles in the broader context of the Iranian society with its particular traits. The dialectic relationship between literature and society helps us understand literature as the product of social conditions and influential factors in society. The position that I develop here echoes Louis de Bonald’s belief that “through a careful reading of any nation’s literature ‘one could tell what this people had been’” (as cited in Hall, 1979, p. 13). I employ such an expansive horizon to scrutinize the selection of literature on Latin American guerillas. I shall unfold the magazine’s ideological orientation from the angle of the context in which it is used. I aim to show that the historical context of the Iranian society at the moment gives those articles specific meanings. In pursuit of my goals, I will recontextualize the articles to determine their primary significance in the Iran of the 1970s and 1980s.

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