scholarly journals La primera traducción del llatín al asturianu: el Fueru de Lleón / The first Latin translation into Asturian: the Fueru de Lleón (the Code of Law of León)

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-62
Author(s):  
Olga Álvarez Huerta
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Latin Translation ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Romance Language ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Original Target ◽  
The One

L’oxetivu principal d’esti trabayu ye analizar tolos aspeutos relativos al procesu de traducción a llingua romance d’un fueru llatinu del que la primer copia caltenida remonta al primer cuartu del sieglu XII y atópase na Catedral d’Uviéu. Del testu romance llegaron a nós tres versiones llixeramente distintes, toes elles del sieglu XIII. La comparanza d’eses tres versiones col testu llatinu dexa concluyir que son resultáu d’un únicu procesu de traducción en que’l traductor caltúvose escrupulosamente fiel al testu orixinal, pero esforzóse tamién n’afaer la sintaxis llatina al romance. Como hai ciertes diferencies ente los tres testos romances foi necesaria la revisión rigurosa de los mesmos, pa pescudar cuál de les versiones ye o representa más fielmente’l testu orixinal. De resultes d’ello concluyóse que nenguna d’elles ye la traducción orixinal, sinón que les tres copies unvien a un orixinal perdíu y propónse tamién que, de les tres versiones romances llegaes hasta nós, la del monesteriu de Benevívere ye la más cercana al que sedría’l testu de la traducción orixinal. El testu de Benevívere déxanos añadir dellos datos de tipu llingüísticu non consideraos en trabayos anteriores que taben basaos nos otros dos manuscritos (el d’El Escorial y el de la Real Academia de la Hestoria). Estos datos, fundamentalmente de tipu léxicu, abonden na caracterización como asturianu de la llingua de la traducción orixinal.Pallabres clave: asturianu, llatín, traducción, documentación medieval, Fueru de Lleón.The main goal of this paper is to analyse the translation process of a Latin code of law, the so-called Fueru de Lleón, into a Romance language. The first known copy of this code, or ‘fuero’, dates back to the first quarter of the 12th century and can be found in the Cathedral of Uviéu. Three slightly different versions from the 13th century Romance language text have been preserved and their comparison with the Latin source text reveals that they result from the same translation process in which the translator was completely faithful to the Latin text, while at the same time he made efforts to adjust the Latin syntax to the Romance language form. As there are several differences between the three Romance texts, a rigorous revision was necessary to explore which one represented the source Latin text more faithfully. The analysis concluded that none of them was the original target text, and that the three of them point at a lost original text. It is also suggested that, from the three versions preserved to present times, the text from the Monastery of Benevívere is the closest one to the original translation. The Benevívere text introduces new linguistic data which were not considered in previous work and which are based on two other manuscripts (the text from the Monastery of the Escorial and the one from the Royal Academy of History). These data, mainly lexical, reinforce the idea that Asturian was the target language of the original translation.Key words: Asturian, Latin, translation, medieval documentation, Fueru de Lleón.

Syntax and Translatability

Babel ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-132
Author(s):  
Laurence Wong
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Source Language ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The One ◽  
Syntactic Differences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
European Family

Abstract This paper discusses the relationship between syntax and translatability, particularly in respect of literary texts. By translatability is meant the degree of ease with which one language lends itself to translation into another language. Through practice in the translation between Chinese and some of the major European languages, such as English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Latin, and Greek, as well as between the European languages themselves, it can be found that translating between the European languages is much easier than translating between Chinese and any one of the European languages. Of all the factors that determine whether a language translates more readily or less readily into another language, syntactic differences constitute one of the most decisive. This is because the translator is, during the translation process, constantly dealing with syntax in two directions: the syntax of the source language on the one hand and the syntax of the target language on the other. As a result, problems arising from the syntactic differences between the two languages are bound to figure more prominently than those arising from the differences between individual lexical items and phrases or between cultures. In this paper, syntax will be studied and analysed with reference to Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Latin, and Greek texts. Finally, it will be shown that, mainly because of syntactic differences, there is a higher degree of translatability between any two of the above European languages (which are members of the Indo-European family) than between Chinese (which is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family) and any one of these European languages, and that the syntax of any one of these European languages can cope comfortably with Chinese syntax, but not the other way round. Résumé Cet article traite de la relation entre la syntaxe et la traduisibilité, en particulier, en ce qui concerne les textes littéraires. On entend par traduisibilité le degré de facilité avec laquelle une langue se prête à la traduction dans une autre. Par la pratique de la traduction entre le chinois et quelques-unes des principales langues européennes, comme l’anglais, le français, l’italien, l’allemand, l’espagnol, le latin et le grec, ainsi qu’entre les langues européennes mêmes, on s’aperçoit qu’il est beaucoup plus facile de traduire entre les langues européennes qu’entre le chinois et n’importe quelle langue européenne. Parmi tous les facteurs qui déterminent si une langue se traduit plus ou moins aisément dans une autre, les différences syntactiques comptent parmi les plus décisifs. Ceci est dû au fait que le traducteur, pendant le processus de traduction, est constamment confronté à une syntaxe dans deux directions : la syntaxe de la langue source, d’une part, et la syntaxe de la langue cible, d’autre part. En conséquence, les problèmes dus à des différences syntactiques entre les deux langues doivent nécessairement apparaître de manière plus évidente que ceux provenant de différences entre les syntagmes et éléments lexicaux individuels ou entre les cultures. Dans cet article, la syntaxe sera étudiée et analysée en référence à des textes en chinois, anglais, français, allemand, italien, espagnol, latin et grec. Enfin, il montrera qu’en raison des différences syntactiques surtout, la traduisibilité est plus grande entre deux langues européennes précitées quelles qu’elles soient (qui appartiennent à la famille indo-européenne) qu’entre le chinois (qui appartient à la famille sino-tibétaine) et une quelconque de ces langues européennes. Il montrera que la syntaxe de toute langue européenne peut sans difficulté venir à bout de n’importe quelle syntaxe chinoise, mais que l’inverse n’est pas vrai.

Context-sensitive Argumentation: Dirty Tricks in the Sophistical Refutations and a Perceptive Medieval Interpretation of the Text

Vivarium ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 75-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sten Ebbesen
Keyword(s):  
13Th Century ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
The One ◽  
Sophistical Refutations

AbstractAristotle in the central chapters of his Sophistical Refutations gives advice on how to counter unfair argumentation by similar means, all the while taking account not only of the adversary’s arguments in themselves, but also of his philosophical commitments and state of mind, as well as the impression produced on the audience. This has offended commentators, and made most of them, medieval and modern alike, pass lightly over the relevant passages. A commentary that received the last touch in the very early 13th century is more perceptive because, it is argued, the commentator had lived in a 12th-century environment of competing Parisian schools that was in important respects similar to the one of Aristotle’s Athens.

scholarly journals Potential Ambiguity Translation Performances within Legal Language Institutional Nomenclature

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Diana Oţăt
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Legal Language ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Sales Contracts ◽  
Ambiguous Situation ◽  
The One ◽  
Term Performance

Abstract Motivated by a paradoxical corollary of ambiguities in legal documents and especially in contract texts, the current paper underpins a dichotomy approach to unintended ambiguities aiming to establish a referential framework for the occurrence rate of translation ambiguities within the legal language nomenclature. The research focus is on a twofold situation since ambiguities may. on the one hand, arise dining the translation process, generated by the translator’s lack of competence, i.e. inadequate use of English regarding the special nature of legal language, or. on the other hand, they may be simply transferred from the source language into the target language without even noticing the potential ambiguous situation, i.e. culture-bound ambiguities. Hence, the paper proposes a contrastive analysis in order to localize the occurrence of lexical, structural, and socio-cultural ambiguities triggered by the use of the term performance and its Romanian equivalents in a number of sales contracts.

I nomi dell’amore: Un’indagine sulla traduzione latina del Commento al Cantico dei Cantici di Origene

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vito Limone
Keyword(s):  
Song Of Songs ◽  
Latin Translation ◽  
Greek Text ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Latin Language

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to compare the Greek fragments of Origen’s Commentary on the Song of Songs and the Latin translation by Rufinus. In particular, in Commentarius in Canticum Canticorum, prol. 2,20 the Latin text lists four names of the love: amor and cupido with regard to the physical love, and dilectio and caritas with regard to the spiritual love. In Greek fragments there are only “agape” with regard to the spiritual love and “eros” with regard to the physical love. Then, this paper aims to compare the Greek language through which Origen expresses the love in the fragments with the Latin language in which Rufinus translates Origen’s original text, so Rufinus seems to have complicated the original Greek text of Origen. Moreover, the paper lists also other important words through which Origen expresses the love in the fragments, i.e. “philia” and “philanthropia.”

A Note on the Status of Origen's De Principiis in English

2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronnie Rombs
Keyword(s):  
English Translation ◽  
Critical Edition ◽  
Latin Translation ◽  
Greek Text ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
English Edition ◽  
Critical Editions ◽  
English Translations ◽  
The Status

AbstractThe standard English translation of Origen's De principiis, translated by G.W. Butterworth and published in 1936, is based upon the earlier critical edition of Paul Koetschau. Origen's text survives through the Latin translation of Rufinus, a version that Koetschau fundamentally distrusted: Rufinus had admittedly expurgated Origen's text and could not, accordingly, be trusted. Hence the job of the editor and translator was judged to be the reestablishment—as far as was possible—of Origen's original text. Such suspicion of the text led to, among other problems, the awkward printing of parallel Greek and Latin passages in columns in Butterworth's English edition. Greek fragments and Origenistic material—that is to say, passages that were not direct quotations of De principiis, nor even directly Origen's—were inserted into Koetschau's text based upon presumed doctrinal parallels between those fragments and Origen's 'authentic' thought.We cannot reconstruct the Greek text; what we have inherited for better or worse is Rufinus's Latin translation of Peri archôn, a text that the more recent scholarship of G. Bardy and others have significantly rehabilitated confidence in. With the notable exception of English, translations of De principiis have been made in French, Italian and German, based upon more recent and more balanced critical editions. The author proposes a new English translation of Rufinus's Latin text based upon the critical edition of Henri Crouzel and Manlio Simonetti, published in the Sources Chrétiennes series.

scholarly journals TO GIVE, TO ORDER, AND TO CONFIRM. THE FRENCH PRELATES' POWER IN THE WORLD OF THE 13TH CENTURY CHARTERS

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-147
Author(s):  
E. A. Shelina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Role ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Spiritual Power ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
General Increase ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The One ◽  
The Church

As corpora of medieval texts became available online, and platforms for textometric analysis (TXM, among others) were developed in the last decade, it has become possible to explore old historiographical issues from a new perspective. This study explores the actions of medieval dominants and the forces they used to perform those actions. The author unites a corpus of the author unites a corpus of the charters of prelates of the French dioceses from the period following the “documentary revolution”, because the general increase in the number of charters since the 12th century enables the author to work at the level of particular social groups. The charters of bishops and archbishops and the charters of abbots and abbesses of the 13th century were collected from online editions of medieval French cartularies (from the Chartae Galliae, the Cartulaires d'Île-de-France, and the Cartulaire blanc). The author generated lists of the most frequent verbs and nouns in the ablative and examined the most common adverb co-occurrences for the most frequent verbs of the two corpora. As a result of the study, a number of observations were obtained. 1) Along with the group of verbs that denote the activity of creating a charter and of disseminating the information, the most frequent verbs refer to the activities of giving, ordering and confirming in the corpus of bishops. These three main activities were distinguished by analyzing the structure of verb binomials in the corpus. 2) The activities of abbots appear to be different from those of bishops: the verbs of ordering are far less frequent, while the verbs of selling and exchanging are more common. While bishops form the dominant group within the whole society, the activities of the abbots in society are less conspicuous (abbots dominate within their monasteries). 3) The auctoritas, although an important power force that enables the majority of power actions, is not the only one used by prelates: members of the Church acted by voluntas; a large amount of actions requires consent or counsel. Finally, the promise requires the force of fides, etc. 4) The 13th century society was the one where all actions were judged as more or less spiritual, and where the less spiritual power actions and practices of the prelates were also ‘spiritualised’. Although different groups of verbs attract different kinds of adverbs (e.g. one should serve ‘honestly and devotedly’, one possesses ‘peacefully’, one commands and orders ‘firmly and rigorously’), they all have positive connotations. The charters serve to reproduce a system where the spiritual plays a dominant role and where attaining the celestial realm is the central goal of all actions (documents on the exercise of power belong to the same system as theological texts).

On Some 12th and 13th Century Doctrines of Restriction

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 131-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain de Libera
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Tense Operators ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
White Point ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

Summary The problem of the variation of the truth-status of the propositions over time is one of the favourite topics of the logicians as soon as the end of the XIIth century. The aim of the present article is to acknowledge the various theories of restriction provided in the 12th and 13th centuries, to solve semantic problems by means of contextual determination. Given the texts presently available, up to seven different doctrines are accounted for, depending on whether or not subjects and predicates, on the one hand, substantial and accidental terms, on the other hand, are actually distinguished. Among those doctrines, particular attention is paid to that of the so-called Dialectica Mona-censis. This anonymous treatise, dating from the last decades of the 12th century, introduces two different theories. The first one suffers from a discrepancy between the content of the rules of restriction through present, past and future tense verbs and that of the various conditions laid down in these rules. Thus, though substantial and accidental terms have theoretically the same supposition, whether they be subjects or predicates, in each different tensed form of the verbs, the author practically draws a line between substantial terms like ‘homo’ and accidental ones, like ‘album’. As a matter of fact, the truth of the proposition “homo curret” at instant S (Reichenbach’s ‘point of speech’) necessarily entails that of “homo currit” at instant E (the ‘point of event’), but this is not the case with ‘album’ in “album curret”, since that which is now white (point S) might very well be no longer white at time E. Those difficulties determine a second theory which offers a more satisfying account of the difference between substantial and accidental terms. Finally, a comparison is made between the first theory in the Dialectica and William of Sherwood’s account of the compounded and divided senses of the propositions, and a parallel is suggested with modern paraphrases using A. N. Prior’s tense operators.

Thematic choice in English and Norwegian

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde Hasselgård
Keyword(s):  
Great Majority ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Frequent Pattern ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Verb Second ◽  
Thematic Structure ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Systemic Functional Grammar ◽  
Source Language

Using material from a parallel corpus with originals and translations in both English and Norwegian, the present study sets out to explore the lexicogrammatical properties of Theme and thematic choice in the two languages. Theme is defined according to systemic-functional grammar as the first element that has a function in transitivity, plus any preceding element(s). The extent to which Themes are preserved or altered in the translation process is also studied. There are more similarities than differences between the two languages as regards thematic structure. Some differences are due to the verb-second constraint that applies to Norwegian, but most are due to differences in frequency. Norwegian allows non-subject participants to be thematic more often than English does, while multiple Themes are more frequent in English. Within multiple Themes, the logical relations expressed by textual Themes differ between the languages. Translators tend to preserve the topical Theme of the original in the great majority of cases. When changes are made this may be due to lexicogrammatical differences between the languages or they may represent ‘normalization’ to a more frequent pattern in the target language. Translations are found to differ from original text in the same language as they borrow features from the source language.

Οἱ ἰατροὶ λέγουσι … – Erläuterungen zur anatomischen Terminologie in Περὶ τῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου κατασκευῆς

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-860
Author(s):  
Isabel Grimm-Stadelmann
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Latin Translation ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
Poetic Language ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Ongoing Process ◽  
Anatomical Terminology ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
The One

Abstract The anatomical and physiological treatise Περὶ τῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἀνθρώπου κατασκευῆς is characterized by a peculiarity of medical terminology which is largely unknown from comparable texts: on the one hand, anatomical terms are put into relation with corresponding terms from poetic language, on the other hand they are precisely defined by descriptions of objects of everyday use. The considerable discrepancy between the Greek original and its Latin translation is of particular interest against the background of the renaissance of Περὶ τῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου κατασκευῆς in the 16th century AD. The multiple versions of the Latin translation show that medical terminology in Latin language was still in an ongoing process of development, for which reason many Greek anatomical terms were inserted untranslated into the Latin text due to a lack of an adequate Latin equivalents. For this reason Περὶ τῆς τοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου κατασκευῆς plays a central role in the development of anatomical terminology, but also in its becoming more and more specific and precise.

scholarly journals Strategies of Audiovisual Translation

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Gennady Petrovich Bakulev
Keyword(s):  
Universal Access ◽  
Extreme Points ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Translation Strategy ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Audiovisual Translation ◽  
The One

The issue of audiovisual translation (AVT) seems particularly important in contemporary cinema. As argued, translation is delivered between cultures rather than words. The text is seen as an integral part of the world, but not as its separate fragment. Therefore the translation process is regarded as a crosscultural transfer, defined by the level of the prestige of a source and target cultures, as well as their relationships. The article discusses two main strategies of translation in cinema - dubbing and subtitling, which differ in the degree of interference in the original text. On the one hand, dubbing modifies the original text to a greater degree, making it more comprehensible for the audience. Whereas subtitling, i.e. presenting the dialogue in the target language in the form of synchronous subtitles, makes the least changes in the source text. The choice of a translation strategy generally depends on the view of the target culture and is often influenced by the political factors. Dubbing and subtitling represent two extreme points on the translation range, defined by two opposite types of cultural systems - domestication and foreignization. To suppress or to accept the foreign nature of imported films is the key to how a country regards itself in relation to the others and how it realizes the importance of its own culture and language. Fast changes characteristic of our time exert a considerable impact on audiovisual translation. One of the consequences of globalization-localization process is growing diversification of audiovisual production. Scientific and technological progress forms the basis to develop new methods of AVT and means of its realization. Such tendencies testify to huge potential capabilities of amelioration of the translation quality and specialization, providing more universal access to mass media for all social categories thereby accelerating their social integration into modern society.

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