scholarly journals Application of small RNAs for plant protection

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-482
Author(s):  
Polina Ya. Tretiakova ◽  
Aleksandr A. Soloviev
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Regulatory Functions

Double-stranded small RNAs (dsRNA) perform various regulatory functions via RNA-interference. Additionally, they can be transported between various plant species and their pathogens and pests via extracellular vesicles, protecting RNA from nucleases. Plants secrete short dsRNA molecules to defend themselves against pathogens. The latter also use small RNAs when infecting crops. Some dsRNAs of pathogens are known as ribonucleic effectors. Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) was shown to be effective when breeding resistant varieties and analyzing plant-pathogen interactions. However, complexity of transgenesis and society fear of genetically modified products make HIGS application difficult. The appearance of a new strategy based on plant spraying with dsRNA gave a new perspective of plant protection. Currently such a strategy requires accurate studying as well as the development of efficient systems stably producing high-quality dsRNA.

RNA Interference Mechanisms and Applications in Plant Pathology

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 581-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Rosa ◽  
Yen-Wen Kuo ◽  
Hada Wuriyanghan ◽  
Bryce W. Falk
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Gene Function ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Antiviral Defense ◽  
Endogenous Genes

The origin of RNA interference (RNAi), the cell sentinel system widely shared among eukaryotes that recognizes RNAs and specifically degrades or prevents their translation in cells, is suggested to predate the last eukaryote common ancestor ( 138 ). Of particular relevance to plant pathology is that in plants, but also in some fungi, insects, and lower eukaryotes, RNAi is a primary and effective antiviral defense, and recent studies have revealed that small RNAs (sRNAs) involved in RNAi play important roles in other plant diseases, including those caused by cellular plant pathogens. Because of this, and because RNAi can be manipulated to interfere with the expression of endogenous genes in an intra- or interspecific manner, RNAi has been used as a tool in studies of gene function but also for plant protection. Here, we review the discovery of RNAi, canonical mechanisms, experimental and translational applications, and new RNA-based technologies of importance to plant pathology.

Profiling of Small RNAs Involved in Plant–Pathogen Interactions

2015 ◽  
pp. 61-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongdong Niu ◽  
Zhaoyun Wang ◽  
Shune Wang ◽  
Lulu Qiao ◽  
Hongwei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

scholarly journals Initial soil microbiome composition and functioning predetermine future plant health

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. eaaw0759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Wei ◽  
Yian Gu ◽  
Ville-Petri Friman ◽  
George A. Kowalchuk ◽  
Yangchun Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Initial Soil ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Plant-pathogen interactions are shaped by multiple environmental factors, making it difficult to predict disease dynamics even in relatively simple agricultural monocultures. Here, we explored how variation in the initial soil microbiome predicts future disease outcomes at the level of individual plants. We found that the composition and functioning of the initial soil microbiome predetermined whether the plants survived or succumbed to disease. Surviving plant microbiomes were associated with specific rare taxa, highly pathogen-suppressing Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria, and high abundance of genes encoding antimicrobial compounds. Microbiome-mediated plant protection could subsequently be transferred to the next plant generation via soil transplantation. Together, our results suggest that small initial variation in soil microbiome composition and functioning can determine the outcomes of plant-pathogen interactions under natural field conditions.

scholarly journals mRNA Inventory of Extracellular Vesicles from Ustilago maydis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 562
Author(s):  
Seomun Kwon ◽  
Oliver Rupp ◽  
Andreas Brachmann ◽  
Christopher Frederik Blum ◽  
Anton Kraege ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Ustilago Maydis ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Delivery Mechanism ◽  
Initial Survey ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Maize Smut

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can transfer diverse RNA cargo for intercellular communication. EV-associated RNAs have been found in diverse fungi and were proposed to be relevant for pathogenesis in animal hosts. In plant-pathogen interactions, small RNAs are exchanged in a cross-kingdom RNAi warfare and EVs were considered to be a delivery mechanism. To extend the search for EV-associated molecules involved in plant-pathogen communication, we have characterised the repertoire of EV-associated mRNAs secreted by the maize smut pathogen, Ustilago maydis. For this initial survey, we examined EV-enriched fractions from axenic filamentous cultures that mimic infectious hyphae. EV-associated RNAs were resistant to degradation by RNases and the presence of intact mRNAs was evident. The set of mRNAs enriched inside EVs relative to the fungal cells are functionally distinct from those that are depleted from EVs. mRNAs encoding metabolic enzymes are particularly enriched. Intriguingly, mRNAs of some known effectors and other proteins linked to virulence were also found in EVs. Furthermore, several mRNAs enriched in EVs are also upregulated during infection, suggesting that EV-associated mRNAs may participate in plant-pathogen interactions.

Hyperspectral Sensors and Imaging Technologies in Phytopathology: State of the Art

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 535-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-K. Mahlein ◽  
M.T. Kuska ◽  
J. Behmann ◽  
G. Polder ◽  
A. Walter
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Phenotyping ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Imaging Technologies ◽  
Hyperspectral Sensors ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Plant disease detection represents a tremendous challenge for research and practical applications. Visual assessment by human raters is time-consuming, expensive, and error prone. Disease rating and plant protection need new and innovative techniques to address forthcoming challenges and trends in agricultural production that require more precision than ever before. Within this context, hyperspectral sensors and imaging techniques—intrinsically tied to efficient data analysis approaches—have shown an enormous potential to provide new insights into plant-pathogen interactions and for the detection of plant diseases. This article provides an overview of hyperspectral sensors and imaging technologies for assessing compatible and incompatible plant-pathogen interactions. Within the progress of digital technologies, the vision, which is increasingly discussed in the society and industry, includes smart and intuitive solutions for assessing plant features in plant phenotyping or for making decisions on plant protection measures in the context of precision agriculture.

scholarly journals Small RNA trafficking at the forefront of plant–pathogen interactions

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Xiangxiu Liang ◽  
Jian-Min Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Lytic Enzymes ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Plants and pathogenic microbes are engaged in constant attacks and counterattacks at the interface of the interacting organisms. Much of the molecular warfare involves cross-kingdom trafficking of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites that act as toxins, inhibitors, lytic enzymes, and signaling molecules. How various molecules are transported across the boundaries of plants and pathogens has remained largely unknown until now. Extracellular vesicles have emerged as likely carriers of molecular ammunition for both plants and pathogens. Recent advances are beginning to show how extracellular vesicles serve as powerful vehicles that transfer small RNAs from plants to fungal cells to diminish pathogen virulence and from fungi to plant cells to dampen host immunity.

scholarly journals RNA Interference: A Natural Immune System of Plants to Counteract Biotic Stressors

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayeb Muhammad ◽  
Fei Zhang ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Yan Liang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Rna Silencing ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Inhibit Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

During plant-pathogen interactions, plants have to defend the living transposable elements from pathogens. In response to such elements, plants activate a variety of defense mechanisms to counteract the aggressiveness of biotic stressors. RNA interference (RNAi) is a key biological process in plants to inhibit gene expression both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally, using three different groups of proteins to resist the virulence of pathogens. However, pathogens trigger an anti-silencing mechanism through the expression of suppressors to block host RNAi. The disruption of the silencing mechanism is a virulence strategy of pathogens to promote infection in the invaded hosts. In this review, we summarize the RNA silencing pathway, anti-silencing suppressors, and counter-defenses of plants to viral, fungal, and bacterial pathogens.

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