delivery mechanism
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2022 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Bijlani ◽  
Ka Ming Pang ◽  
Venkatesh Sivanandam ◽  
Amanpreet Singh ◽  
Saswati Chatterjee

The replication-defective, non-pathogenic, nearly ubiquitous single-stranded adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have gained importance since their discovery about 50 years ago. Their unique life cycle and virus-cell interactions have led to the development of recombinant AAVs as ideal genetic medicine tools that have evolved into effective commercialized gene therapies. A distinctive property of AAVs is their ability to edit the genome precisely. In contrast to all current genome editing platforms, AAV exclusively utilizes the high-fidelity homologous recombination (HR) pathway and does not require exogenous nucleases for prior cleavage of genomic DNA. Together, this leads to a highly precise editing outcome that preserves genomic integrity without incorporation of indel mutations or viral sequences at the target site while also obviating the possibility of off-target genotoxicity. The stem cell-derived AAV (AAVHSCs) were found to mediate precise and efficient HR with high on-target accuracy and at high efficiencies. AAVHSC editing occurs efficiently in post-mitotic cells and tissues in vivo. Additionally, AAV also has the advantage of an intrinsic delivery mechanism. Thus, this distinctive genome editing platform holds tremendous promise for the correction of disease-associated mutations without adding to the mutational burden. This review will focus on the unique properties of direct AAV-mediated genome editing and their potential mechanisms of action.


Textiles ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-49
Author(s):  
Sunidhi Mehta ◽  
Maureen MacGillivray

Integrative medicine is a rapidly growing specialty field of medical care that emphasizes the amalgamation of complementary therapies and conventional medicine. Aromatherapy, one of the complementary therapies, is a centuries-old tradition, used in many cultures and societies as an alternative to, or in conjunction with, conventional medicine. However, there is very little understanding of its therapeutic benefits in the scientific realm related to the correct dosage of essential oils, their delivery mechanism and their efficacy on human physiology in general. We reviewed studies published between 2011–2021 focused on aromatherapy and textiles, and explore “textile” materials as a possible carrier for essential oils in this paper. Due to their proximity to the biggest organ of the human body, textiles can potentially serve as a good delivery system for the therapeutic benefit of essential oils. After this rigorous review, we found gaps in the field. Therefore, we propose cross-disciplinary synergies for future research to fully understand the therapeutic efficacy of essential oils.


Author(s):  
Katherine A. Ornstein ◽  
Claire K. Ankuda ◽  
Bruce Leff ◽  
Subashini Rajagopalan ◽  
Albert L. Siu ◽  
...  

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2505
Author(s):  
Amelia A. Limbongan ◽  
Shane D. Campbell ◽  
Victor J. Galea

Mimosa bush (Vachellia farnesiana) is an invasive woody weed widely distributed in Australia. While it can be controlled using several mechanical and chemical techniques, this study evaluated a novel herbicide delivery mechanism that minimizes the risk of spray drift and potential non-target damage. This method, developed by Bioherbicides Australia, involves the implantation of encapsulated granular herbicides into the stem of intact plants or into the stump after cutting off plants close to ground level (cut stumps). Trials were implemented near Moree (New South Wales, Australia) on intact (two experimental runs) plants and cut stumped (two experimental runs) plants. For each trial, an untreated control plus the conventional basal bark application of a liquid formulation of triclopyr + picloram mixed with diesel was included for comparison. Encapsulated glyphosate, aminopyralid + metsulfuron-methyl, hexazinone and clopyralid were also tested in all trials. In addition, encapsulated triclopyr + picloram, and metsulfuron-methyl were included in one of the intact plant trials. Aminopyralid + metsulfuron-methyl was consistently most effective on cut stump and intact plants, whilst clopyralid provided highest mortality when applied to cut stumps and single-stemmed intact plants. Particularly for multi-stemmed intact plants, clopyralid should be applied to each stem. Overall, the highest efficacy was achieved on single stemmed plants, but with further refinement of the technique, it should be possible to achieve similar results for multi-stemmed individuals. This method resulted in a reduction in the use of herbicide and environmental contamination while significantly improving speed of treatment.


2021 ◽  
pp. 825-843
Author(s):  
Bruno Palier

The chapter analyses the commonalities and transformations of the Bismarckian welfare systems of continental Western Europe. In these systems, social insurance is the primary delivery mechanism, access to benefits is mainly based on work and contribution record, benefits are mainly in cash and calculated as a proportion of past earnings, the biggest share of the financing comes from social contributions paid by employers and employees, and the governance and management of these systems is partly run by collective, compulsory social insurance funds. These features dominate the welfare systems of Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, and, to a lesser degree, the Netherlands. The first part of the chapter focuses on the origins of these systems, the main goals they tried to achieve through their historical development, and the specific principles on which they rely. The second part shows how these systems developed and functioned during their Golden Age, emphasizing their institutional traits and complementarities with certain forms of industrial capitalism. The third part analyses the specificities of the crises these systems are facing, especially the cost of labour. The final part presents the various sequences of welfare reform that have led these systems to adopt structural reforms, especially. The conclusion focuses on the dualization processes that characterize the main changes of Bismarckian welfare systems.


Author(s):  
LEELA LAKSHMI V. ◽  
UMASHANKAR M. S. ◽  
ALAGUSUNDARAM M.

Buccal drug delivery system (BDDS) has won a variety of exposure and traction as it possesses plenty of advantages and benefits as evaluate to different mucosal drug delivery systems. Buccal path for systemic drug delivery, the use of mucoadhesive polymers twill significantly increase the efficacy of many tablets, has been of outstanding interest over the previous couple of decades. This article affords a precise of BDDS mechanisms, consisting of a composition of the oral mucosa, delivery mechanism, numerous forms of BDDS, formulation, assessment and application of BDDS. Additionally, this text affords a precis over the patents, advertised products and destiny factors of BDDS. In this evaluation article, we've got tried to assemble the maximum significant reports (1988 to 2021) of formulation, assessment, application, patents of BDDS. This review will help pharmaceutical researchers to clarify the potential of BDDS to overcome the various existing drug delivery dispute like the efficiency of absorption, permeability and bioavailability of drugs.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Sharrad ◽  
Caitlin Martini ◽  
Zoe Kopsaftis ◽  
Andrew Tai ◽  
Nicola Spurrier ◽  
...  

BACKGROUND Interactive, mixed-reality technologies such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) and holographic technology may provide a novel, low-cost solution to fast-track the translation of evidence into practice; and may help overcome barriers to both mental health and asthma management service uptake. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate if mixed reality technology is an acceptable mechanism for the delivery of a component of CBT for the management of symptoms of elevated psychological distress among young people with asthma. METHODS To explore the perceived acceptability of these technologies, mixed reality tools were evaluated via qualitative, one-on-one interviews with young people with asthma and symptoms of psychological distress, parents/caregivers of young people with asthma and symptoms of psychological distress, and relevant health professionals. The Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA) was used for deductive coding of recorded interview transcripts. RESULTS Three young people with asthma and symptoms of psychological distress (2 female, mean age (years) = 14, SD= 1.73), four parents/caregivers of individuals with asthma (1 female, mean age (years) = 55, SD= 14.58) and six health professionals (4 females, mean age = 40.8, SD= 4.32) consented to participate. Four constructs – experienced affective attitude, experienced effectiveness, self-efficacy and intervention coherence – were coded in all participant transcripts. The most frequently coded constructs were experienced affective attitude and intervention coherence; both reported a total of 96 times, while the least frequently coded construct was anticipated opportunity cost; reported a total of 5 times. Participants were mostly positive about the mixed reality resources. However, some concerns were raised regarding ethicality, particularly in relation to privacy, accessibility, and messaging. Participants noted the need for technology to be used in conjunction with face-to-face engagement with health professionals, and that some patients would respond to this type of delivery mechanism better than others. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that mixed reality technology for the purposes of delivery of psychological intervention may be an acceptable addition to current healthcare practices for young people with asthma and symptoms of psychological distress. CLINICALTRIAL The study was prospectively registered with the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12620001109998.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Pitardi ◽  
Jochen Wirtz ◽  
Stefanie Paluch ◽  
Werner H. Kunz

PurposeExtant research mainly focused on potentially negative customer responses to service robots. In contrast, this study is one of the first to explore a service context where service robots are likely to be the preferred service delivery mechanism over human frontline employees. Specifically, the authors examine how customers respond to service robots in the context of embarrassing service encounters.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs a mixed-method approach, whereby an in-depth qualitative study (study 1) is followed by two lab experiments (studies 2 and 3).FindingsResults show that interactions with service robots attenuated customers' anticipated embarrassment. Study 1 identifies a number of factors that can reduce embarrassment. These include the perception that service robots have reduced agency (e.g. are not able to make moral or social judgements) and emotions (e.g. are not able to have feelings). Study 2 tests the base model and shows that people feel less embarrassed during a potentially embarrassing encounter when interacting with service robots compared to frontline employees. Finally, Study 3 confirms that perceived agency, but not emotion, fully mediates frontline counterparty (employee vs robot) effects on anticipated embarrassment.Practical implicationsService robots can add value by reducing potential customer embarrassment because they are perceived to have less agency than service employees. This makes service robots the preferred service delivery mechanism for at least some customers in potentially embarrassing service encounters (e.g. in certain medical contexts).Originality/valueThis study is one of the first to examine a context where service robots are the preferred service delivery mechanism over human employees.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzu-Yi Chen ◽  
Edgar Gonzalez-Kozlova ◽  
Taliah Soleymani ◽  
Sabrina La Salvia ◽  
Natasha Kyprianou ◽  
...  

AbstractCirculating extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain molecular footprints from their cell of origin and may provide potential non-invasive access for detection, characterization, and monitoring of numerous diseases. Despite their growing promise, the integrated proteo-transcriptomic landscape of EVs and their donor cells remain poorly understood. To assess their cargo, we conducted small RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of EVs isolated from in vitro cancer cell culture and prostate cancer patients’ serum. Here, we report that EVs enrich for distinct molecular cargo, and their proteo-transcriptome is predominantly different from their cancer cell of origin, implicating a coordinated disposal and delivery mechanism. We have discovered that EVs package their cargo in a non-random fusion, as their most enriched RNAs and proteins are not the most abundant cargo from their donor cells. We show that EVs enrich for 4 times more cytoskeletal and 2 times extracellular proteins than their donor cells. While the donor cells carry 10 times more mitochondrial and 3 times nuclear proteins than their EVs. EVs predominantly (40-60%) enrich for small RNA (~15-200 nucleotides) molecules that implicate cell differentiation, development, and signaling signatures. Finally, our integrated proteo-transcriptomic analyses reveal that EVs are enriched of RNAs (RNY3, vtRNA, and MIRLET-7) and their complementary proteins (YBX1, IGF2BP2, SRSF1/2), implicating an interrelated mechanism that may protect and regulate transcripts until a biological function is achieved. Based on these results, we envision that the next-generation clinical assays will take an integrative multi-omic (proteomic and transcriptomic) approach for liquid biopsy in numerous diseases.


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