scholarly journals MOLECULAR-GENETIC BASIS OF HIGHER PLANTS TOLERANCE TO, AND ACCUMULATION OF, CADMIUM

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Olga A Kulaeva ◽  
Viktor E Tsyganov
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Cd Accumulation ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Molecular Genetic Basis ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Living Organisms

 Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most wide-ranged and dangerous pollutants for all living organisms, including plants. At present time the intensive studies of mechanisms of Cd accumulation in plant tissues and plant tolerance to its toxic influence are performed. Data about variation of Cd tolerance and accumulation traits in natural populations of hyperaccumulators species as well as important crops were obtained. A series of mutants with changed sensitivity to Cd was obtained. In recent decade several classes of proteins involving in cell responses to Cd ions were revealed. An important role of microRNA in plant adaptation to Cd was recently demonstrated. Studies of molecular-genetic mechanisms of Cd accumulation and plant tolerance to it are theoretical basis for development of phytoremediation technologies of soil contaminated with heavy metals and breeding of crop varieties with decreased Cd accumulation.

scholarly journals Biological Roles of Ornithine Aminotransferase (OAT) in Plant Stress Tolerance: Present Progress and Future Perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alia Anwar ◽  
Maoyun She ◽  
Ke Wang ◽  
Bisma Riaz ◽  
Xingguo Ye
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Ornithine Aminotransferase ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Drought And Salt Stresses ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
Daunting Challenge

Plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses is complicated by interactions between different stresses. Maintaining crop yield under abiotic stresses is the most daunting challenge for breeding resilient crop varieties. In response to environmental stresses, plants produce several metabolites, such as proline (Pro), polyamines (PAs), asparagine, serine, carbohydrates including glucose and fructose, and pools of antioxidant reactive oxygen species. Among these metabolites, Pro has long been known to accumulate in cells and to be closely related to drought, salt, and pathogen resistance. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) is a common intermediate of Pro synthesis and metabolism that is produced by ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), an enzyme that functions in an alternative Pro metabolic pathway in the mitochondria under stress conditions. OAT is highly conserved and, to date, has been found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In addition, ornithine (Orn) and arginine (Arg) are both precursors of PAs, which confer plant resistance to drought and salt stresses. OAT is localized in the cytosol in prokaryotes and fungi, while OAT is localized in the mitochondria in higher plants. We have comprehensively reviewed the research on Orn, Arg, and Pro metabolism in plants, as all these compounds allow plants to tolerate different kinds of stresses.

scholarly journals The Mammalian Circadian Timing System and the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus as Its Pacemaker

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Hastings ◽  
Elizabeth S. Maywood ◽  
Marco Brancaccio
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Genetic Basis ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Circadian Timing System ◽  
Definition Of

The past twenty years have witnessed the most remarkable breakthroughs in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underpin circadian (approximately one day) time-keeping. Across model organisms in diverse taxa: cyanobacteria (Synechococcus), fungi (Neurospora), higher plants (Arabidopsis), insects (Drosophila) and mammals (mouse and humans), a common mechanistic motif of delayed negative feedback has emerged as the Deus ex machina for the cellular definition of ca. 24 h cycles. This review will consider, briefly, comparative circadian clock biology and will then focus on the mammalian circadian system, considering its molecular genetic basis, the properties of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the principal circadian clock in mammals and its role in synchronising a distributed peripheral circadian clock network. Finally, it will consider new directions in analysing the cell-autonomous and circuit-level SCN clockwork and will highlight the surprising discovery of a central role for SCN astrocytes as well as SCN neurons in controlling circadian behaviour.

scholarly journals Plant Morphological, Physiological and Anatomical Adaption to Flooding Stress and the Underlying Molecular Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1088
Author(s):  
Weitao Jia ◽  
Maohua Ma ◽  
Jilong Chen ◽  
Shengjun Wu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Ethylene Response Factor ◽  
Flooding Tolerance ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Flooding Stress ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
The Future ◽  
Plant Acclimation

Globally, flooding is a major threat causing substantial yield decline of cereal crops, and is expected to be even more serious in many parts of the world due to climatic anomaly in the future. Understanding the mechanisms of plants coping with unanticipated flooding will be crucial for developing new flooding-tolerance crop varieties. Here we describe survival strategies of plants adaptation to flooding stress at the morphological, physiological and anatomical scale systemically, such as the formation of adventitious roots (ARs), aerenchyma and radial O2 loss (ROL) barriers. Then molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptive strategies are summarized, and more than thirty identified functional genes or proteins associated with flooding-tolerance are searched out and expounded. Moreover, we elaborated the regulatory roles of phytohormones in plant against flooding stress, especially ethylene and its relevant transcription factors from the group VII Ethylene Response Factor (ERF-VII) family. ERF-VIIs of main crops and several reported ERF-VIIs involving plant tolerance to flooding stress were collected and analyzed according to sequence similarity, which can provide references for screening flooding-tolerant genes more precisely. Finally, the potential research directions in the future were summarized and discussed. Through this review, we aim to provide references for the studies of plant acclimation to flooding stress and breeding new flooding-resistant crops in the future.

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