scholarly journals Iodine deficiency conditions in the Tukayevsky District of Tatarstan

2001 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 377-377
Author(s):  
Z. M. Zakirov ◽  
R. M. Kharisova
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Irreversible Brain Damage ◽  
Intellectual Potential

Iodine is a micronutrient: the daily requirement is 100-200 mcg. The most obvious manifestation of iodine deficiency is endemic goiter. Iodine deficiency increases the frequency of congenital hypothyroidism and leads to irreversible brain damage in the fetus and newborn. In addition to pronounced forms of mental retardation, iodine deficiency causes a decrease in the intellectual potential of the entire population living in an area of iodine deficiency.

Iodized salt prophylaxis of endemic goiter: an experience in Toscana (Italy)

1993 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Aghini-Lombardi ◽  
A Pinchera ◽  
L Antonangeli ◽  
T Rago ◽  
GF Fenzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Goiter Prevalence ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Legislative Measures

It is well established that iodine supplementation is effective in correcting iodine deficiency and reducing goiter prevalence. In Italy, legislation has allowed the production of iodized salt since 1972, but its consumption is on a voluntary basis. In the present study, the efficacy of legislative measures that made compulsory the availability of iodized salt in foodstores has been evaluated. Urinary iodine excretion and thyroid size, scored according to Pan American Health Organization recommendations, were determined prior to (1981) and 10 years after (1991) the introduction of legislative measures in the whole schoolchildren population residing in a restricted area of the Tuscan Appennines. Moreover, in 1991, thyroid volume was determined by ultrasonography. In 1981, mean urinary iodine excretion was 47.1±22.4 mg/kg creatinine (0.412 μmol/l) and goiter prevalence was 60%, indicating a moderate iodine deficiency. Eighty of the families subsequently used iodized salt on a regular basis; as a result of this excellent compliance, in 1991 the mean urinary iodine excretion increased to 129.7±73 mg/kg creatinine (1.24 μmol/l) and goiter prevalence dropped to 8.1%. The results of this study underline the effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis in correcting iodine deficiency and abating endemic goiter in schoolchildren, and suggest that implementation of measures that make compulsory the availability of iodized salt in foodstores overcomes the fact that there is no law governing the exclusive production and trading of iodized salt.

Ischemic neuronal damage after acute subdural hematoma in the rat: effects of pretreatment with a glutamate antagonist

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 944-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Hsiung Chen ◽  
Ross Bullock ◽  
David I. Graham ◽  
Jimmy D. Miller ◽  
James McCulloch
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Nmda Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Acute Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Ischemic Brain Damage ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Irreversible Brain Damage ◽  
Slow Injection

✓ The ability of a competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (D-CPP-ene) to reduce irreversible brain damage has been examined in a rodent model of acute subdural hematoma. Acute subdural hematoma was produced by the slow injection of 400 µl homologous blood into the subdural space overlying the parietal cortex in halothane-anesthetized rats. Brain damage was assessed histologically in sections at multiple coronal planes in animals sacrificed 4 hours after induction of the subdural hematoma. Pretreatment with D-CPP-ene (15 mg/kg) significantly reduced the volume of ischemic brain damage produced by the subdural hematoma from 62 ± 8 cu mm (mean ± standard error of the mean) in vehicle-treated control rats to 29 ± 7 cu mm in drug-treated animals. These data demonstrate the anti-ischemic efficacy of NMDA antagonists in an animal model of intracranial hemorrhage in which intracranial pressure is elevated, and suggest that excitotoxic mechanisms (which are susceptible to antagonism by D-CPP-ene) may play a role in the ischemic brain damage which is observed in patients who die after acute subdural hematoma.

Rubella Immunization: Present Status and Future Perspectives

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1174-1176
Author(s):  
Saul Krugman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Behavior Disorders ◽  
Present Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Rubella Vaccine ◽  
Cardiac Malformations

Sixteen years have elapsed since the last major epidemic of rubella in the United States. Prior to 1964, extensive outbreaks occurred at about six- to nine-year intervals. These outbreaks were associated with the birth of many thousands of infants with one or more of the following defects: cataracts, deafness, cardiac malformations, and brain damage causing mental retardation, cerebral palsy, or severe behavior disorders. In addition, many pregnancies were terminated by spontaneous or therapeutic abortions. This devastating "rubella problem" provided the motivation for the development of rubella vaccine. The live attenuated rubella vaccine was licensed for use in 1969—two to four years before the next anticipated epidemic.

scholarly journals Analysis of current recommendations and criteria of the world health organization for the assessment of iodine deficiency conditions

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
E. P. Kasatkina ◽  
D. E. Shilin ◽  
G. V. Ibragimova ◽  
M. I. Pykov ◽  
G. A. Ryumin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Dose Radiation ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Thyroid Abnormalities ◽  
Dose Radiation

The incidence of endemic goiter in the Orel district of Russia has been studied in order to assess the informative value of the new WHO classification for identification of iodine deficiencies (1994). A total of 2103 children living in three rural regions, two of which were polluted with low-dose radiation after the Chernobyl accident, have been examined in 1992-1996. The incidence of goiter and thyroid dysfunction in the newborns corresponded to grave endemia, and the median of blood thyroglobulin was moderately increased in the region with the highest pollution (5 to 15 Ci/km2 for 127Cs), characterized by a slight iodine deficiency. In a less contaminated region (1 to 5 Ci/km2) with a similar level of iodine deficiency, incidence of goiter, and median of blood thyroglobulin the incidence of thyroid dysfunction in the newborns was moderate. In a pure region, despite a more evident iodine deficit and a compatible increase of the median of blood thyroglobulin, the incidence of endemic goiter and thyroid dysfunction of the newborns was the minimal. Hence, the values of the analyzed iodine deficit indicators did not correlate with the actual iodine deficiency in all the regions examined. These differences suggest a possible contribution of strumogenic factors other than iodine deficit to the formation of goiter endemia in the examined district. The detection of these factors in the environment is needed for objective evaluation of the causes and severity of the endemic process and for the development of differentiated approaches to the prevention and treatment of thyroid abnormalities in the population exposed to radiation.

scholarly journals SCREENING FOR CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM WITH UMBILCAL CORD BLOOD TSH LEVEL ‘AN EXPERIENCE FROM A TERTIARY CARE CENTER'

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Rohan Modi ◽  
Harsh Mod ◽  
Aabha Phalak ◽  
Rutvik Parikh ◽  
Vilas Kavad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Serum Tsh

BACKGROUND:- Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common preventable cause of mental retardation. Screening for congenital hypothyroidism can be helpful in preventing mental retardation among general population. Umbilical cord blood TSH (CBTSH) estimation has been universally accepted and is one of the most cost effective screening programs in the field of preventive medicine and public health. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:- This study was aimed to find the effectiveness of cord blood TSH as a screening tool for congenital hypothyroidism. MATERIALS AND METHODS:- This hospital based cross sectional study was conducted at GCS Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, over a period of one year in 1687 neonates. All newborns delivered at the institute were subjected to cord blood TSH level estimation and a repeat Serum TSH estimation was done at or after 72 hours of life. Diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism is confirmed postnatally by standard Serum TSH value cut offs as per age. Data collected and statistically analysed. RESULTS:- Out of 1687 neonates born during the study period, 1548 formed the study group. 805 (52%) were males and 743(48%) were females. The birth weight of babies ranged from 850 gms to 4300 gms. The value of CBTSH varied from 1.3mIU/L to 101.4mIU/L with mean CBTSH of 7.21mIU/L. 28(1.8%) babies had CBTSH levels >20mIU/L. Out of which four were later diagnosed to have congenital hypothyroidism. All four had CBTSH levels >20mIU/L. All other neonates with CBTSH levels less than 20mIU/L were found to have normal screening later postnatally. CONCLUSION:- The current study concludes that cord blood TSH is a sensitive marker to screen for congenital hypothyroidism in neonates. A cut off value of cord blood TSH >20mIU/ml can be used for screening purpose.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INDICATOR VALUE IN THE IODINE AVAILABILITY ASSESSMENT — EVIDENCE FROM THE REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 367-372
Author(s):  
E. A. Troshina ◽  
A. A. Rybakova ◽  
S. I. Kutsev ◽  
N. М. Platonova ◽  
E. A. Panfilova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Availability Assessment

Background: In the Russian Federation, newborn screening comprises thyroid stimulating hormone determination to exclude primary congenital hypothyroidism. Screening is carried out throughout Russia. Neonatal TSH can be used to assess iodine deficiency and monitor iodine prevention programs.Objective: To assess and compare official statistical data on congenital hypothyroidism, the prevalence of hypothyroidism and iodine deficiency syndrome in children, as well as urinary iodine in the Russian regions.Materials and methods: The level of neonatal TSH was determined in 97.69% of children born in the Russian Federation in 2017. This article represents the results on the prevalence of hypothyroidism in the regions with various iodine availability. The correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship of CH incidence in newborns and iodine availability.Results: The calculated correlation coefficient, which was 0.2, reflects a weak relationship between the degree of iodine deficiency in the region and the number of newborns diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism.Conclusions: In the Russian Federation, a law on universal salt iodization does not exist, and many regions are still in conditions of moderate or severe iodine deficiency. To assess the iodine status in these particular regions, we could use the results of newborn TSH screening

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