scholarly journals Analysis of current recommendations and criteria of the world health organization for the assessment of iodine deficiency conditions

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
E. P. Kasatkina ◽  
D. E. Shilin ◽  
G. V. Ibragimova ◽  
M. I. Pykov ◽  
G. A. Ryumin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Dose Radiation ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Thyroid Abnormalities ◽  
Dose Radiation

The incidence of endemic goiter in the Orel district of Russia has been studied in order to assess the informative value of the new WHO classification for identification of iodine deficiencies (1994). A total of 2103 children living in three rural regions, two of which were polluted with low-dose radiation after the Chernobyl accident, have been examined in 1992-1996. The incidence of goiter and thyroid dysfunction in the newborns corresponded to grave endemia, and the median of blood thyroglobulin was moderately increased in the region with the highest pollution (5 to 15 Ci/km2 for 127Cs), characterized by a slight iodine deficiency. In a less contaminated region (1 to 5 Ci/km2) with a similar level of iodine deficiency, incidence of goiter, and median of blood thyroglobulin the incidence of thyroid dysfunction in the newborns was moderate. In a pure region, despite a more evident iodine deficit and a compatible increase of the median of blood thyroglobulin, the incidence of endemic goiter and thyroid dysfunction of the newborns was the minimal. Hence, the values of the analyzed iodine deficit indicators did not correlate with the actual iodine deficiency in all the regions examined. These differences suggest a possible contribution of strumogenic factors other than iodine deficit to the formation of goiter endemia in the examined district. The detection of these factors in the environment is needed for objective evaluation of the causes and severity of the endemic process and for the development of differentiated approaches to the prevention and treatment of thyroid abnormalities in the population exposed to radiation.

GOITER

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 935-937
Author(s):  
ALFRED M. BONGIOVANNI
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Third ◽  
World Today ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

ENDEMIC GOITER remains one of the most widespread nutritional diseases in the world today. The major cause is iodine deficiency. The World Health Organization reports a high incidence of goiter in Thailand (where a program of iodine supplementation was instituted), in the mountains of Western Pakistan, Lebanon, Basutoland, and Kenya. The incidence of goiter in iodine-deficient regions may be as high as 50%. Of three goitrous zones in the Himalayas, two were selected for iodine supplementation and one was reserved as a control. There was a striking reduction of goiter in the zones provided with the iodine supplement but not in the third.

Reflections on FDA and WHO recommendations concerning clinical trials

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-F. Dreyfus ◽  
D. Cremniter ◽  
J.D. Guelfi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The One ◽  
Health Organization

SummaryWe are still confronted by numerous different nosographic models and problems concerning the objective evaluation of patients progress during treatment. It is interesting to consider the consequences of this situation in psychiatry which still involves a relative diversity of practical methods used in clinical trials. The recommendations of the USA Food and Drug Administration, on the one hand, constitute a highly structured and precise reference. The World Health Organization, on the other hand, promulgates general recommendations resulting from a compromise designed to satisfy the greatest number of clinicians.Despite the apparently diverse principles and the different practical methods they propose, both those sets of recommendations have been useful in inspiring clinicians to reflect upon these different methodological approaches. The qualities of the inclusion criteria used in the study of patients and the sensitivity of the different measuring instruments have allowed psychotropic drug users as well as producers to recognize the need for a certain rigour in clinical trials.The FDA and WHO guidelines have certainly improved the quality of clinical trials in psychopharmacology. However, they also represent a source of resistance to innovation.A series of consensus meetings to first reconcile US and European points of view and later to include new techniques in the recognized sets of methods would therefore be helpful.

Iodized salt prophylaxis of endemic goiter: an experience in Toscana (Italy)

1993 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Aghini-Lombardi ◽  
A Pinchera ◽  
L Antonangeli ◽  
T Rago ◽  
GF Fenzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Goiter Prevalence ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Legislative Measures

It is well established that iodine supplementation is effective in correcting iodine deficiency and reducing goiter prevalence. In Italy, legislation has allowed the production of iodized salt since 1972, but its consumption is on a voluntary basis. In the present study, the efficacy of legislative measures that made compulsory the availability of iodized salt in foodstores has been evaluated. Urinary iodine excretion and thyroid size, scored according to Pan American Health Organization recommendations, were determined prior to (1981) and 10 years after (1991) the introduction of legislative measures in the whole schoolchildren population residing in a restricted area of the Tuscan Appennines. Moreover, in 1991, thyroid volume was determined by ultrasonography. In 1981, mean urinary iodine excretion was 47.1±22.4 mg/kg creatinine (0.412 μmol/l) and goiter prevalence was 60%, indicating a moderate iodine deficiency. Eighty of the families subsequently used iodized salt on a regular basis; as a result of this excellent compliance, in 1991 the mean urinary iodine excretion increased to 129.7±73 mg/kg creatinine (1.24 μmol/l) and goiter prevalence dropped to 8.1%. The results of this study underline the effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis in correcting iodine deficiency and abating endemic goiter in schoolchildren, and suggest that implementation of measures that make compulsory the availability of iodized salt in foodstores overcomes the fact that there is no law governing the exclusive production and trading of iodized salt.

NO LONGTERM SEVERE THYROID DYSFUNCTION SEEN IN PATIENTS WITH PREEXISTING REDUCED SERUM TT3 CONCENTRATIONS AFTER A SINGLE LARGE DOSE OF IODINATED CONTRAST

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 840-845
Author(s):  
Si Hai-Long ◽  
Qin Qin ◽  
Liu Yuan-Yuan ◽  
Zhao Bing-Rang
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
World Health ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Iodinated Contrast ◽  
Total Triiodothyronine ◽  
Total Thyroxine ◽  
Health Organization

Objective: After an intravenous bolus injection of 100 mL of iodinated contrast agent (370 mgI/mL), the amount of iodine atoms entering the blood is tens of thousands of times the daily dose of iodine recommended by the World Health Organization. However, the effect of iodinated contrast in patients with nonthyroidal illness, manifested as reduced serum total triiodothyronine (TT3) concentrations, is unclear. We studied the effect of iodinated contrast on thyroid function and auto-antibodies in patients with reduced TT3 after diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study. One hundred and fifty-four stable angina pectoris patients with reduced TT3 and normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) were enrolled from January, 2017, to June, 2018. All subjects had no history of thyroid dysfunction and had no recent infections, tumors, trauma, or other critical illnesses. Fourty-one patients underwent coronary angiography and 113 patients underwent coronary intervention. Results: There were 6 patients (3.9%) with hypothyroidism and 30 patients (19.5%) developed subclinical hypothyroidism (SCHypo) on the first day after surgery. There were 6 patients (3.9%) with hypothyroidism, 6 patients (3.9%) with SCHypo, and 18 patients (11.7%) with subclinical hyperthyroidism (SCHyper) at the first month postsurgery. There were 23 patients (14.9%) with SCHyper and 6 patients (3.9%) with SCHypo at the sixth month after surgery. No patient with longterm severe thyroid dysfunction occurred during follow-up. The levels of free triiodothyronine, FT4, TT3, total thyroxine, and TSH showed statistically significant changes at 1 day, and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperative ( P<.005). The level of rT3 showed no statistically significant change at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperative ( P>.05). The levels of thyroglobulin antibody and thyroid peroxidase antibody decreased at 6 months postoperative ( P<.001). Conclusion: The risk of subclinical thyroid dysfunction and transient hypothyroidism occurred with a single large dose of iodinated contrast in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease, but no longterm severe thyroid dysfunction occurred. Patients with preoperative thyroid antibody elevation were more likely to have subclinical thyroid dysfunction after surgery. Abbreviations: FT3 = free triiodothyronine; FT4 = free thyroxine; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; rT3 = reverse triiodothyronine; SCHyper = subclinical hyperthyroidism; SCHypo = subclinical hypothyroidism; TGAB = thyroglobulin antibody; TPOAB = thyroid peroxidase antibody; TT3 = total triiodothyronine; TT4 = total thyroxine; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone; WHO = World Health Organization

scholarly journals Iodine deficiency: socio-economic problems and new approaches to its solution in veterinary medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 04002
Author(s):  
Alexey Yevglevsky ◽  
Andrey Gostev
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
World Health ◽  
Polymer Complex ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

One of the global, vital problems of humanity is iodine deficiency. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 2 billion people live in conditions of iodine deficiency. people: among them, 740 million have endemic goiter, 43 million have mental retardation, more than 6 million. they suffer from cretinism (an extreme degree of mental retardation). Currently, iodine deficiency diseases are the most common non-infectious diseases in the world. What about mammalian animals? In animals, iodine performs the same functions as in humans. Animals, especially agricultural animals, are just as sensitive to iodine deficiency as humans. With a lack of iodine in the body of animals, the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones is disrupted, which leads to a decrease in the intensity of redox processes, as a result of which all types of metabolism are disrupted:-protein, fat, carbohydrate, macro – and microelement, energy. In this regard, the failure of the thyroid gland is accompanied by the development of severe pathobiochemical processes, which, in the end, leads to the clinical manifestation of pathophysiological conditions. Taking into account the fact that in conditions of constant iodine deficiency it is very problematic to ensure the health of productive animals, the issues of prevention of iodine deficiency conditions are economically significant for industrial animal husbandry. It is no accident that in countries experiencing natural iodine deficiency, state programs have been developed that provide for the use of iodine-containing additives in the diets of productive animals. Despite the fact that the simplest and most affordable method of eliminating iodine deficiency in humans and animals is the inclusion of iodized salt in the diet, however, this method can not be used for veterinary purposes. First of all, the feed method of using biologically active additives eliminates the possibility of dosed therapeutic or preventive treatment. On the pages of this article, we draw attention to the emerging prospects for the use of a new iodine-metabolic composition in non-infectious and infectious pathology, based on an iodine polymer complex known in pharmacology as iodinol and succinic acid.

scholarly journals Low Dose Radiation Therapy for COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daya Nand Sharma ◽  
Randeep Guleria ◽  
Naveet Wig ◽  
Anant Mohan ◽  
Goura Kisor Rath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Early Warning Score ◽  
World Health ◽  
Radiation Toxicity ◽  
Low Dose Radiation ◽  
Dose Radiation

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) has declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as pandemic in March 2020. Currently there is no vaccine or specific effective treatment for COVID-19. The major cause of death in COVID-19 is severe pneumonia leading to respiratory failure. Radiation in low doses (<100 cGy) has been known for its anti-inflammatory effect and therefore, low dose radiation therapy (LDRT) to lungs can potentially mitigate the severity of pneumonia and reduce mortality. We conducted a pilot trial to study the feasibility and clinical efficacy of LDRT to lungs in the management of patients with COVID-19.MethodsFrom June to Aug 2020, we enrolled 10 patients with COVID-19 having moderate to severe risk disease [National Early Warning Score (NEWS) of ≥5]. Patients were treated as per the standard COVID-19 management guidelines along with LDRT to both lungs with a dose of 70cGy in single fraction. Response assessment was done based on the clinical parameters using the NEWS.ResultsAll patients completed the prescribed treatment. Nine patients had complete clinical recovery mostly within a period ranging from 3-7 days. One patient, who was a known hypertensive, showed clinical deterioration and died 24 days after LDRT. No patients showed the signs of acute radiation toxicity.ConclusionResults of our study (90% response rate) suggest the feasibility and clinical effectiveness of LDRT in COVID-19 patients having moderate to severe risk disease. This mandates a randomized controlled trial to establish the clinical efficacy of LDRT in COVID-19 pneumonia.

scholarly journals Iodine deficiency in pregnant women and newborns in the Saratov region: current state of the problem

2021 ◽  
pp. 156-161
Author(s):  
N. A. Kurmacheva ◽  
M. Yu. Svinarev ◽  
Yu. V. Chernenkov ◽  
O. S. Panina ◽  
K. V. Yakovleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Saratov Region ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Current State ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction. Iodine deficiency remains an urgent challenge for the Russian Federation. Pregnant women should receive prophylactic potassium iodide supplements at a dose of 200–250 mcg per day. To monitor the severity of iodine deficiency in the regions and the efficacy of prenatal iodine prophylaxis, it is prudent to use the neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia rate for newborns (thyroidstimulating hormone level is higher than 5 μIU/L) based on the results of congenital hypothyroidism screening.Objective. To assess the changes in the severity of iodine deficiency and the efficacy of iodine prophylaxis in pregnant women and newborns in the Saratov region based on the incidence of neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia over the past 25 years.Materials and methods. The incidence of neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia in newborns in the Saratov region for the period of 1996–2000 and 2015–2020 was analysed. In total, 229,625 children were examined.Results and discussion. In 1996–2000, neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia was detected in 37.4% of newborns, which was evidence of the presence of moderate iodine deficiency in the region. In 2015–2020, the incidence of neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia decreased by 5.42 times to 6.9% (p < 0.0001) against the background of group iodine prophylaxis in pregnant women, but remained higher than the World Health Organization targets for iodine-rich regions (<3%) suggesting the preservation of mild iodine deficiency in pregnant women and newborns in the Saratov region.Conclusions. Despite the obligatory doctor’s prescription of prenatal group iodine prophylaxis, there is still iodine insufficiency in pregnant women and newborns in the Saratov region, which requires further improvement of the regional iodine deficiency eradication action system in the risk groups. However, significant advances in the fight against iodine deficiency in the nutrition of the Russian population can only be achieved after the adoption of the federal law on universal salt iodization.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Visual Intervention Tool in Improving LATCH Score in Mothers

2021 ◽  
pp. 248-254
Author(s):  
S. Pramodita ◽  
Harish Sudarsanan ◽  
A. Asha ◽  
H Benazer ◽  
J. Kumutha
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
World Health ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Breastfeeding Education ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Postpartum Mothers

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breast feeding for at least 6 months and thereafter until the child is 2 years of age which has largely been achieved by Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative put forth by WHO. The vital role played by mother in breastfeeding delivers passive immunity and nutrients to the child and for it to be practiced in an effective way, counselling and education is neededfor postpartum mothers. For an objective evaluation of effectiveness of breastfeeding counselling with visual aids in our unit, LATCH scoring was used to assess breastfeeding quality. Materials and Methods: Breastfeeding education was given to postpartum mothersin the form of video assisted teaching as intervention. Pre and post intervention LATCH score were done to assess the quality of breastfeeding. Score for Latching (L), Audible swallowing (A), Type of nipple (T), Mother comfort (C), Help needed (H) were scored as 0,1 or 2. The total maximum score was 10 and minimum was 0. Maternal and neonatal demographic data and LATCH scores were collected and analyzed. Results: The difference between pre intervention and post intervention mean LATCH score was statistically significant. Conclusion: The visual intervention helped the mothers to understand breastfeeding techniques and lactate effectively.

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