Comparison of the Historical Record of Earthquake Hazard with Seismic- Hazard Models for New Zealand and the Continental United States

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 1978-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Stirling ◽  
M. Petersen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Hazard Models

Ground Motion-Based Testing of Seismic Hazard Models in New Zealand

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 1407-1414 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Stirling ◽  
M. Gerstenberger
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Hazard Models

Rhyming slang world-wide

2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Görlach
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
World Wide ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
New Words ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The World ◽  
Colonial Histories

Rhyming slang (RS) sprang to life in mid-19th century London when it was first recorded by Ducange Anglicus (1857) together with other unusual forms of slang, such as back slang and Polari. In the period of extensive British emigration to the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, this special type of lexis was also carried around the world — though in much less regular distribution than might have been expected on the basis of shared socioeconomic colonial histories. Three types of development were possible: 1. individual RS items might survive (and possibly acquire new meanings); 2. they might die out, leaving a historical record of their extraterritorial existence at best; 3. they might prompt local fashions, imitating the pattern but creating new words. The phenomenon of RS has found various references in books on national Englishes (such as those by Baker (1970), but significantly less so in Ramson (1966) and Mencken (1977)); however, it has never been explored on a contrastive level. Such an approach has become more feasible today now that the set of historical dictionaries of English is complete following the publication of the works edited by Silva (1996), Ramson (1988) and Orsman (1997) — even though slang is badly documented, since it was not always considered worthy of inclusion in general dictionaries.

The 2014 United States National Seismic Hazard Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. S1-S30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Petersen ◽  
Morgan P. Moschetti ◽  
Peter M. Powers ◽  
Charles S. Mueller ◽  
Kathleen M. Haller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Adaptive Smoothing ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Motion Models ◽  
Geodetic Strain Rate ◽  
Insurance Rates ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

New seismic hazard maps have been developed for the conterminous United States using the latest data, models, and methods available for assessing earthquake hazard. The hazard models incorporate new information on earthquake rupture behavior observed in recent earthquakes; fault studies that use both geologic and geodetic strain rate data; earthquake catalogs through 2012 that include new assessments of locations and magnitudes; earthquake adaptive smoothing models that more fully account for the spatial clustering of earthquakes; and 22 ground motion models, some of which consider more than double the shaking data applied previously. Alternative input models account for larger earthquakes, more complicated ruptures, and more varied ground shaking estimates than assumed in earlier models. The ground motions, for levels applied in building codes, differ from the previous version by less than ±10% over 60% of the country, but can differ by ±50% in localized areas. The models are incorporated in insurance rates, risk assessments, and as input into the U.S. building code provisions for earthquake ground shaking.

scholarly journals Converting InSAR- and GNSS-derived strain rate maps into earthquake hazard models for Anatolia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Rollins ◽  
Tim Wright ◽  
Jonathan Weiss ◽  
Andrew Hooper ◽  
Richard Walters
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Seismic Moment ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Earthquake Magnitude ◽  
Hazard Models ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Buildup Rate

<p>Geodetic measurements of crustal deformation rates can provide important constraints on a region’s earthquake hazard that purely seismicity-based hazard models may miss. For example, geodesy might show that strain (or a deficit of seismic moment) is accumulating faster than the total rate at which known earthquakes have released it, implying that the long-term hazard may include larger earthquakes with long recurrence intervals (and/or temporal increases in seismicity rates). Conversely, the moment release rate in recent earthquakes might surpass the geodetic moment buildup rate, suggesting that the long-term-average earthquake activity and hazard may in fact may be more quiescent than might be estimated using the earthquake history alone. Such geodetic constraints, however, have traditionally been limited by poor spatial and/or temporal sampling, resulting in ambiguities about how the lithosphere accommodates strain in space and time that can bias estimates of the resulting hazard. High-resolution deformation maps address this limitation by imaging (rather than presuming and/or modelling) where and how deformation takes place. These maps are now within reach for the Alpine-Himalayan Belt – one of the most populous and seismically hazardous regions on Earth – thanks to the COMET-LiCSAR InSAR processing system, which performs large-scale automated processing and timeseries analysis of Sentinel-1 data provided by the EU’s Copernicus programme. We are pairing LiCSAR products with GNSS data to generate high-resolution maps of interseismic surface motion (velocity) and strain rate for the Anatolia region. Here we quantitively investigate what these strain rate distributions imply for seismic hazard in this region, using two approaches in parallel.</p><p>First, building on previous work, we develop a fully probability-based method to pair geodesy and seismic catalogs to estimate the recurrence times of large, moderate and small earthquakes in a given region. We assume that earthquakes 1) obey a power-law magnitude-frequency distribution up to a maximum magnitude and 2) collectively release seismic moment at the same rate that we estimate it is accumulating from the strain rate maps. Iterating over various magnitude-frequency distributions and their governing parameters, and formally incorporating uncertainties in moment buildup rate and the magnitudes of recorded earthquakes, we build a probabilistic long-term-average earthquake model for Anatolia as a whole, including the most likely maximum earthquake magnitude. Second, we estimate how seismic hazard may vary from place to place within Anatolia. Using insights from dislocation models, we identify two key signatures of a locked fault in a strain rate field, allowing us to convert the newly developed strain maps to “effective fault maps.” Additionally, we explore how characteristics of earthquake magnitude-frequency distributions may scale with the rate of strain (or moment) buildup, and what these scaling relations imply for the distribution of hazard in Anatolia, using the seismic catalog to evaluate these hypotheses. We also explore the implications of our findings for seismic hazard and address how to expand these approaches to the Alpine-Himalaya Belt as a whole.</p>

Forecasting Induced Earthquake Hazard Using a Hydromechanical Earthquake Nucleation Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin L. Rubinstein ◽  
Andrew J. Barbour ◽  
Jack H. Norbeck
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Fluid Injection ◽  
Hazard Models ◽  
Induced Earthquakes ◽  
Induced Earthquake ◽  
Earthquake Nucleation ◽  
Nucleation Model ◽  
Central United States ◽  
The U.S

Abstract In response to the dramatic increase in earthquake rates in the central United States, the U.S Geological Survey began releasing 1 yr earthquake hazard models for induced earthquakes in 2016. Although these models have been shown to accurately forecast earthquake hazard, they rely purely on earthquake statistics because there was no precedent for forecasting induced earthquakes based upon wastewater injection data. Since the publication of these hazard models, multiple physics-based methods have been proposed to forecast earthquake rates using injection data. Here, we use one of these methods to generate earthquake hazard forecasts. Our earthquake hazard forecasts are more accurate than statistics-based hazard forecasts. These results imply that fluid injection data, where and when available, and the physical implications of fluid injection should be included in future induced earthquake hazard forecasts.

scholarly journals Historical incidence of Modified Mercalli intensity in New Zealand and comparisons with hazard models

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Dowrick ◽  
W. J. Cousins
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
First Century ◽  
Taupo Volcanic Zone ◽  
Hazard Models ◽  
Hazard Rates ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Volcanic Zone ◽  
North West ◽  
The North

The historical incidence of Modified Mercalli intensity produced by earthquakes of magnitude Mw ≥ 5.25 and depth ≤ 100 km has been determined for 47 locations in New Zealand for the period 1840-1997 inclusive. Maps for the return periods of intensities MM4 - MM7 were prepared. The effects of the highly attenuating Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) were shown to be important for hazard both in the zone and in areas to the north-west of it. The rate of occurrence of the higher intensities was found to be about 2.5 times greater in the first century of the study period than in the last 50 years. The historical seismic hazard rates for intensities MM5 and MM6 averaged across the country were found to be approximately half those of the now obsolete Smith & Berryman seismic hazard model, and 70% of those of the more recent Stirling et al model.

Effectiveness of Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaia Del Campo ◽  
Marisalva Fávero
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse Prevention ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Abstract. During the last decades, several studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of sexual abuse prevention programs implemented in different countries. In this article, we present a review of 70 studies (1981–2017) evaluating prevention programs, conducted mostly in the United States and Canada, although with a considerable presence also in other countries, such as New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The results of these studies, in general, are very promising and encourage us to continue this type of intervention, almost unanimously confirming its effectiveness. Prevention programs encourage children and adolescents to report the abuse experienced and they may help to reduce the trauma of sexual abuse if there are victims among the participants. We also found that some evaluations have not considered the possible negative effects of this type of programs in the event that they are applied inappropriately. Finally, we present some methodological considerations as critical analysis to this type of evaluations.

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