From unit-and-ten to ten-before-unit order in the history of English numerals

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Berg ◽  
Marion Neubauer
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Old English ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Unit Order ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Number Words ◽  
Significant Structural Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Order Change

AbstractIn the course of its history, English underwent a significant structural change in its numeral system. The number words from 21 to 99 switched from the unit-and-ten to the ten-before-unit pattern. This change is traced on the basis of more than 800 number words. It is argued that this change, which took seven centuries to complete and in which the Old English pattern was highly persistent, can be broken down into two parts—the reordering of the units and tens and the loss of the conjoining element. Although the two steps logically belong to the same overall change, they display a remarkably disparate behavior. Whereas the reordering process affected the least frequent number words first, the deletion process affected the most frequent words first. This disparity lends support to the hypothesis that the involvement or otherwise of low-level aspects of speech determines the role of frequency in language change (Phillips, 2006). Finally, the order change is likely to be a contact-induced phenomenon and may have been facilitated by a reduction in mental cost.

Term Structure of Interest Rates with B-Spline Model during the Money-Shortage-Event in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 5634-5637
Author(s):  
Peng Zheng ◽  
Lian Qiang Yang ◽  
Zhen Ni Dai
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Term Structure ◽  
Yield Curves ◽  
B Spline ◽  
Parametric Test ◽  
B Splines ◽  
Price Data ◽  
Significant Structural Change ◽  
Total Test

Using the price data of bonds’ transactions during June 2013, the discounting function is fitted by non-uniform cubic B-Splines and yield curves are modeled. Models’ single parametric test and total test are both significant. Furthermore, the structural change’s test shows that there is no significant structural change between adjacent transaction days, which means that the bonds’ market is relatively steady during June 2013.

scholarly journals Structural change and productivity growth in Brazil: where do we stand?

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-263
Author(s):  
ANDRÉ NASSIF ◽  
LUCILENE MORANDI ◽  
ELIANE ARAÚJO ◽  
CARMEM FEIJÓ
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Labor Productivity Growth ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Significant Structural Change ◽  
Low Degree

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to discuss the evolution of the Brazilian labour productivity in the 1990s and 2000s to shed some light on the resilience of the Brazilian economy to recover growth. Labor productivity growth in Brazil, after showing positive annual rates between 1950 and 1979, became stagnant after 1980. Following McMillan and Rodrik’s (2011) methodology, this paper at first decompose labor productivity growth in the period 1950-2011, according to “structural change” (which is considered growth-enhancing) and “within effect” (which is growth-reducing, if not accompanied by significant structural change while the country is still pursuing its catching-up process). Next, an econometric exercised is presented to explain the determinants of the structural change component of the labour productivity since economic opening in the 1990s. The results show that the stagnation of the Brazilian productivity is explained by the overvaluation trend of the Brazilian currency, the reprimarization of the export basket, the low degree of Brazil’s trade openness and the high real interest rates prevailing in the period.

Pattern and Levels of Income among Loan Waiver Beneficiary Households in Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 426-431
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Significant Structural Change ◽  
Average Household Income

After a major change of 1991 in the Indian economy, there is a significant structural change not only in India but also in Punjab. Productivity in agriculture has reached its peak in Punjab and now the whole agriculture sector is burdened with the crisis of stagnation, overcapitalization, indebtedness, etc. Now it would be interesting to know the pattern and levels of income. This paper is an attempt to analyze the pattern and levels of income among loan waiver beneficiary households in Punjab using primary data of 318 households. The average household income of loan waiver beneficiary households was `229072.38, while it was the highest in Mansa district, followed by Ludhiana district and Hoshiarpur district. The study found that nearly 81 percent of the total income of households comes from agricultural sources and remaining from non-agricultural sources. Further huge inequalities of income were observed among beneficiary households. Inter-district inequalities showed that the Hoshiarpur district had minimum inequalities of income.

scholarly journals The binding of two moles of neuron-specific protein NAP22 induces a significant structural change in Ca^/CaM

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (supplement) ◽  
pp. S98
Author(s):  
Y. Izumi ◽  
N. Hayashi ◽  
Y. Jinbo ◽  
T. Matsufuji ◽  
N. Matsushima
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Significant Structural Change

scholarly journals Coordinated Diel Gene Expression of Cyanobacteria and Their Microbiome

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1670
Author(s):  
Kai Wang ◽  
Xiaozhen Mou
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Microcosm Experiment ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Significant Structural Change ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Whole Water

Diel rhythms have been well recognized in cyanobacterial metabolisms. However, whether this programmed activity of cyanobacteria could elicit coordinated diel gene expressions in microorganisms (microbiome) that co-occur with cyanobacteria and how such responses in turn impact cyanobacterial metabolism are unknown. To address these questions, a microcosm experiment was set up using Lake Erie water to compare the metatranscriptomic variations of Microcystis cells alone, the microbiome alone, and these two together (whole water) over two day-night cycles. A total of 1205 Microcystis genes and 4779 microbiome genes exhibited significant diel expression patterns in the whole-water microcosm. However, when Microcystis and the microbiome were separated, only 515 Microcystis genes showed diel expression patterns. A significant structural change was not observed for the microbiome communities between the whole-water and microbiome microcosms. Correlation analyses further showed that diel expressions of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and micronutrient (iron and vitamin B12) metabolizing genes were significantly coordinated between Microcystis and the microbiome in the whole-water microcosm. Our results suggest that diel fluxes of organic carbon and vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in Microcystis could cause the diel expression of microbiome genes. Meanwhile, the microbiome communities may support the growth of Microcystis by supplying them with recycled nutrients, but compete with Microcystis for iron.

Trace element immobilization by uranyl minerals in granite-hosted uranium ores: Evidences from the Xiazhuang ore field of Guangdong province, China

2007 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Lu ◽  
Fanrong Chen ◽  
Rodney C. Ewing ◽  
Rucheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
Compositional Variation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ore Deposit ◽  
Geochemical Behavior ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Structural Change ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

The oxidative alteration of uraninite and the fate of trace elements (Y, LREE, Zr, and Th) in a granite-hosted uranium ore deposit in north Guangdong province, China, were investigated to understand the geochemical behavior of spent UOCompositionally, the cation atomic ratios in uranyl phases often deviate considerably from their respective stoichiometric values as indicated by the nominal formulae, but the compositional variation does not result in significant structural change as indicated by X-ray diffraction patterns. This observation indicates that the structure of U

Earnings of American Civil Engineers 1820–1859

1971 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-419
Author(s):  
Mark Aldrich
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Competitive Market ◽  
Engineering Profession ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Know How ◽  
Significant Structural Change ◽  
Geographical Scope ◽  
Civil Engineers

Skilled engineers who had sufficient technical know-how to construct the antebellum canals and railroads were viewed by their contemporaries as a key input in the transportation revolution, and a number of modern scholars have concurred in this judgment. Yet very little is known about the economics of the antebellum engineering profession. This article is a modest attempt to help remedy that deficiency. We shall present and describe three original salary series that chart the course of earnings for three distinct grades of antebellum civil engineers from 1820 through 1859. In addition, we shall argue that our data clearly indicate that a highly competitive market of broad geographical scope for high-ranking engineers was coming into being during the decade of the 1820's. This trend toward competition which these data reveal persisted until about 1835, but was then swamped by the rapid economic changes which occurred in the fifteen years from 1835 to 1850, only to reappear again in the last antebellum decade. As we shall argue below, the economic changes that temporarily overrode the earlier pattern of competition reflect a significant structural change in the antebellum engineer market.

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