scholarly journals Time Allocation between Paid and Unpaid Work among Men and Women: An Empirical Study of Indian Villages

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2671
Author(s):  
A. Amarender Reddy ◽  
Surabhi Mittal ◽  
Namrata Singha Roy ◽  
Sanghamitra Kanjilal-Bhaduri
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Wage Earning ◽  
Ownership Of Land ◽  
Wage Income

The paper examines the time allocation between paid work (wage earning or self-employed work generally termed as employment work) and unpaid (domestic chores/care work generally termed as non-employment work) along with wage rates, imputed earnings, and occupational structure among men and women and according to different social groups to establish the extent to which the rural labour market is discriminated by sex and social group. The major objective of the paper is to show the differential in wage income between men and women in farm and non-farm activities. The paper also shows the division of time between employment and non-employment activities by men and women. The paper uses high-frequency data and applies econometric techniques to know the factors behind time allocation among different activities across gender. The study finds that males spend more hours on employment work and work at a higher wage rate than females. As a result, a vast monetary income gap between men and women is observed, even though women worked more hours if employment and non-employment activities are jointly taken into consideration. Time spent on employment work and non-employment (mainly domestic chores) has been found to vary significantly due to social identity, household wealth, land, income, education, and skill. The segregation of labour market by sex was evident in this study, with men shifting to non-farm occupations with greater monetary returns and continued dependence on women’s farm activities. Enhancing the ownership of land and other assets, encouraging women’s participation particularly among minorities, and improving health are some of the policy recommendations directed from this study to enhance participation in employment work and shifting towards higher wage income employment.

Gender and Social Security: Some Lessons from Europe

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Charlotte Ståhlberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Sickness Benefit ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Dual Earner ◽  
The Family ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
The Individual

Different social security schemes affect men and women differently. This article compares the family or single earner model with the individual or dual earner model and examines their impact on gender inequality. However, even where social security schemes are designed to be gender neutral, when applied in a context that is systematically structured by gender, it points out that they will have a different impact on men and women. The article examines the ways in which supposedly gender-neutral rules, in sickness benefit, survivors' pensions and old age pensions have affected men and women in Sweden and concludes that, if countries wish to achieve equal economic outcomes for men and women, they will need to introduce measures to equalise men's and women's commitments to the home and the labour market, and to enable women to attain higher-paid jobs on the same basis as men.

The emotional costs of caring incurred by men and women in the British labour market

2007 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2160-2171 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nicholas Barron ◽  
Elizabeth West
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
British Labour

The Labour Market Under Consideration of the Technical Changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Tom Sander ◽  
Phoey Lee Teh ◽  
Anabela Mesquita
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
T Test ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Men And Women

Implementing artificial intelligence (AI) into our daily lives has created new occupations and businesses. It has changed human activities and affected individual's behaviour, influencing our decisions. This study explores the opinions of individuals about the influences of implementing AI into the labour market, especially the issue of how AI could affect human employment. There are 144 participants who responded to this survey, and the data was analysed using descriptive statistics, the t-test to identify significant differences between men and women, as well as the Spearman correlation. The results provide interesting insights and only relevant statistics and significant results are presented.

scholarly journals The role of pension contributions in explaining inequalities in depressive symptoms. Results from SHARE

2020 ◽  
pp. 140349482090901
Author(s):  
Hanno Hoven ◽  
Nico Dragano ◽  
Thorsten Lunau ◽  
Christian Deindl ◽  
Morten Wahrendorf
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Health It ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
Employment Participation ◽  
Employment Histories

Aims: Research has established solid evidence that socioeconomic position impacts health. It is, however, still debated to what extent characteristics of entire employment histories are associated with health inequalities later on. This study investigates associations between contributing to pension schemes throughout entire employment histories and depressive symptoms in older men and women. Methods: We use retrospective life history data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), collected in 2008–2009 from retired men and women. Data include detailed information on previous employment histories (between age 25 and 60 years) that allows us to measure labour market involvements and pension contributions during past working lives. In addition, we measure elevated depressive symptoms using EURO-D. Results: We observe that employed work without contributing to pension schemes is associated with elevated depressive symptoms for women, even when taking the current household income into consideration. For men (but not for women), self-employed work without pension contributions is linked to elevated depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Our results indicate that studies linking previous employment participation to health after labour market exit should not only consider whether a person worked, but also whether he or she contributed to a pension scheme. In addition, our study points to interesting gender differences, where pension contributions matter most for women in employed work and for men in self-employed work.

Socioeconomic Determinants of Early Retirement in Canada

1984 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lynn McDonald ◽  
Richard A. Wanner
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Retirement Status ◽  
Mobility Study

ABSTRACTIn view of the trend toward increasing early retirement observed in Canada since the 1960's, this study attempts to determine the main socioeconomic factors influencing the decision to retire before age 65 among Canadian men and women. Using data from the 1973 Canadian Mobility Study, we estimate a series of models in which retirement is measured as both the degree of involvement in the labour force and a subjective declaration of retirement status. We conclude that those Canadians who retire early tend to be single men and married women employed by others who are better educated and whose nonearned income is higher than those who retire at a later age. As anticipated, early retirement experiences are different for men and women, reflecting the more precarious position of women in the labour market.

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