scholarly journals The role of pension contributions in explaining inequalities in depressive symptoms. Results from SHARE

2020 ◽  
pp. 140349482090901
Author(s):  
Hanno Hoven ◽  
Nico Dragano ◽  
Thorsten Lunau ◽  
Christian Deindl ◽  
Morten Wahrendorf
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Health It ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
Employment Participation ◽  
Employment Histories

Aims: Research has established solid evidence that socioeconomic position impacts health. It is, however, still debated to what extent characteristics of entire employment histories are associated with health inequalities later on. This study investigates associations between contributing to pension schemes throughout entire employment histories and depressive symptoms in older men and women. Methods: We use retrospective life history data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), collected in 2008–2009 from retired men and women. Data include detailed information on previous employment histories (between age 25 and 60 years) that allows us to measure labour market involvements and pension contributions during past working lives. In addition, we measure elevated depressive symptoms using EURO-D. Results: We observe that employed work without contributing to pension schemes is associated with elevated depressive symptoms for women, even when taking the current household income into consideration. For men (but not for women), self-employed work without pension contributions is linked to elevated depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Our results indicate that studies linking previous employment participation to health after labour market exit should not only consider whether a person worked, but also whether he or she contributed to a pension scheme. In addition, our study points to interesting gender differences, where pension contributions matter most for women in employed work and for men in self-employed work.

Entwicklung des gesetzlichen sozialen Grundaltersversicherungssystems in der Volksrepublik China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxi Jin
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
System P ◽  
Sustainability Concept ◽  
Volksrepublik China ◽  
Set Up

The first Chinese Social Security Law of 2011 states that the state should set up a social security system that is based on the legal guideline of sustainability. In this study, the author discusses a question which is still unresolved in China: What is the role of this principle of ‘sustainability’, which is hardly substantiated by legislators, as a legal concept in the pension scheme system? This book deals with the theoretical analysis of the concept of sustainability and its development on the basis of the existing legal framework, the practical interpretation and implementation of the sustainability concept as an objective in the field of pension schemes, an analysis of the dogmatic functions of the sustainability concept within the framework of China’s law on pensions, and the developments and problems in the Chinese pension scheme system and their possible solutions, while also considering the various influences on that system.

De-standardisation and differentiation of retirement trajectories in the context of extended working lives in the Netherlands

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 890-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aart-Jan Riekhoff
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Register Data ◽  
Market Participation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Market Withdrawal ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Labour Market Participation

During recent decades, labour market participation among older workers in the Netherlands has increased significantly. Postponing workers’ labour market withdrawal potentially makes their retirement patterns more uncertain and less predictable. This article uses Dutch register data to analyse de-standardisation and differentiation of retirement trajectories of men and women born between 1940 and 1946 for the age bracket of 59–65 ( N = 12,843). The results indicate that retirement trajectories of men have become more homogeneous, whereas those of women somewhat more heterogeneous. Simultaneously, retirement patterns of both men and women became more complex from one birth year to another.

Humour's role in the relation between attributional style and dysphoria

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela S. Hugelshofer ◽  
Paul Kwon ◽  
Robert C. Reff ◽  
Megan L. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Attributional Style ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Negative Attributional Style

The present study empirically investigated the role of adaptive and maladaptive components of humour in the relation between attributional style and dysphoria. Four hundred eighteen students (134 male, 282 female; 2 respondents did not indicate gender) completed questionnaires measuring attributional style, humour styles and depressive symptoms. Among men and women, higher levels of affiliative and self‐enhancing humour, and lower levels of self‐defeating humour, were each associated with fewer depressive symptoms. Additionally, higher levels of affiliative humour provided a buffer against the deleterious effects of a negative attributional style in men, but not women. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Assessing Labour Market Vulnerability among Young People

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-213
Author(s):  
Theo Sparreboom ◽  
Lubna Shahnaz
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Vulnerability Framework ◽  
Made In

Labour market performance in Pakistan has improved markedly in recent years. This paper examines the extent to which young people have benefited from this improvement, using the labour market vulnerability framework that was recently introduced by the ILO. This framework can be used to assess the difficulties young people face on the road to decent employment, and may also serve as a basis for the development of appropriate policies and interventions. Drawing on empirical evidence from various surveys, in particular the Labour Force Survey, we conclude that vulnerability among the youth has generally been reduced since 1999-2000. Vulnerability of women has been reduced through higher enrolment rates in education, and unemployment among both men and women has declined. Far less progress has been made in reducing vulnerability among the employed, and youth still face numerous obstacles that hamper the attainment of decent employment. The paper offers recommendations on the role of labour market information in reducing youth vulnerability. JEL classification: J40, J13 Keyword: Labour Market; Youth; Pakistan

Ethnicity, Class and the Earning Inequality in Israel, 1983-1995

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Khattab
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Similar Role ◽  
Israeli Population ◽  
Earning Inequality ◽  
Over Time

This paper focuses on the role of ethnicity and class in generating earnings inequality in Israel. Unlike previous studies on inequality of opportunities in Israel, in this paper I compare the earnings of five ethnic groups: European Jews (Ashkenazi), Asian-African Jews (Sephardi), Muslim Palestinians, Christian Palestinians and Druze Palestinians. In addition, both men and women are taken into account. The analysis, which is based on data obtained from the 1983 and 1995 Israeli population censuses, has revealed that in Israel, class variations resulting from the differentiation of employment contracts in the labour market, appear to have played a much more important role over time in producing earnings inequality. However, at the same time, it was found that class in this context is highly related to ethnicity, thereby suggesting that class and ethnicity are interwoven. While it seemed that to some extent, class plays a similar role among men and women, the role of ethnicity among men was much more central than it was among women, in the allocation of people into class positions.

scholarly journals Ten Surprising Facts About Stressful Life Events and Disease Risk

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 577-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon Cohen ◽  
Michael L.M. Murphy ◽  
Aric A. Prather
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
Stressful Event ◽  
Health It ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Life Course

After over 70 years of research on the association between stressful life events and health, it is generally accepted that we have a good understanding of the role of stressors in disease risk. In this review, we highlight that knowledge but also emphasize misunderstandings and weaknesses in this literature with the hope of triggering further theoretical and empirical development. We organize this review in a somewhat provocative manner, with each section focusing on an important issue in the literature where we feel that there has been some misunderstanding of the evidence and its implications. Issues that we address include the definition of a stressful event, characteristics of diseases that are impacted by events, differences in the effects of chronic and acute events, the cumulative effects of events, differences in events across the life course, differences in events for men and women, resilience to events, and methodological challenges in the literature.

Pension Scheme Funding and Sponsor Covenants. A Discussion Meeting

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-80
Keyword(s):  
Current Situation ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Credit Quality ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
The Future

INTRODUCTIONUnder the new regulatory regime, it is a requirement that the trustees and the sponsors of pension schemes negotiate scheme funding according to a defined process. For some schemes these negotiations have already started; for many they are due to start shortly. What is clear is that the outcome of the first funding negotiation is critical, as it will set the benchmark for the future.This Sessional Meeting covers pension scheme funding negotiation, with an emphasis on:— the ways in which actuaries, trustees and sponsors can, or should, take account of the credit quality of the sponsor;— the lessons on negotiation drawn from other areas of finance; and— the role of the regulator.The meeting takes the form of presentations by three speakers, taking stock of the current situation, and the discussion follows.

scholarly journals CROSS-COUNTRY COMPARISON OF INTERNET USE AND DEPRESSION BY GENDER: THE ROLE OF INTERGENERATIONAL FACTORS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S330-S331
Author(s):  
Hyunju Shim ◽  
Jennifer A Ailshire ◽  
Eileen Crimmins
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Intergenerational Interaction ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Technology may offer one approach to reducing depression as it provides medium to maintain connections (Cotton et al., 2014). Yet, depression, internet use, gender roles, and expectation of intergenerational interaction all differ across countries. Using nationally representative data from the U.S (Health and Retirement Study: HRS) and South Korea (Living Profiles of Older People Survey: LPOPS), the study examines 1) association between internet use and depressive symptoms by gender in two countries; 2) and whether intergenerational factors moderated this association. In the U.S., more than half of men and women aged 65+ used the internet, while approximately 30% of women and 47% of men used the internet in Korea. Using the internet was associated with lower depression for those living far from the closest child for women in the U.S., and for men in Korea. The findings indicate that the association of internet use on depressive symptoms can be influenced by intergenerational factors that may differentially affect men and women depending on the sociohistorical contexts.

The Active Role of the Pension Scheme Trustee.

1982 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 113-176
Author(s):  
R. A. C. Lawrey
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
Investment Returns ◽  
Market Capitalisation ◽  
Total Stock

Most pension schemes, today, provide benefits linked to a member's final pay, partly as a result of the recognition of the effects of growing inflation in the 1960's and early 1970's on career average and grade table schemes. Since 1970, earnings inflation has averaged around 14% per annum, and at this rate earnings double every five years. Over the same period the overall return on U.K. ordinary shares has been of the order of 15% per annum. The growth of pension funds, partly from the effects of earnings inflation on contributions and partly from the effects of higher investment returns, has been phenomenal; to such an extent that the assets of the larger pension funds are now often comparable with the total stock market capitalisation of their sponsors.

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