scholarly journals COVID-19 and Regional Income Inequality in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfu Shen ◽  
Wai Yan Shum ◽  
Tsun Se Cheong ◽  
Lafang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Regional Income ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Regional Income Inequality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of COVID-19 and social distancing policies on regional income inequality. We base our study on a sample of 295 prefecture (and above) cities in 31 provinces in China. A distribution dynamics approach is employed to reveal the trend and movement of disposable income per capita in each city before the COVID-19 pandemic, during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in the period when the COVID-19 was under the control. The findings reveal significant negative economic consequences of the COVID-19 in the first quarter of 2020 and show that most cities will converge to a level of disposable income which is much less than the Pre-COVID level if the COVID pandemic persists. Regional income inequality has intensified in the cities that have a longer duration of stringent social distancing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic and disappeared in the cities with policies of short duration. Disposable income per capita for urban residents recovered quickly when the transmission of coronavirus was effectively contained; and yet the impact of the pandemic on rural residents remains unresolved, if not intensified. This study demonstrates a significant divergence of the trend of disposable income across cities with different durations of social distancing policies and between urban and rural residents. It also highlights the importance of stringent social distancing policies in containing the spread of virus in a short time and calls for special policy attention for rural regions in the recovery from the COVID-19.

Determinants of consumption of people aged 70 and more

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
Marlena Piekut
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Canonical Correlation Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Canonical Correlation ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita

The purpose of this article is to indicate the hierarchy of factors determining consumption in households of people aged 70 and more. Material consisted of data from a study of household budgets survey for 2012. The present study used the method of canonical correlation analysis. The most important determinants of expenditure in households of people aged 70 and more have proven to be disposable income per capita and the size of the household. More spending on alcoholic beverages and tobacco products were characterized by households in which the head of the household was a man. In households located in rural areas and run by people with primary education reported less spending on services such as communications, recreation and culture.

scholarly journals Spatial data modeling in disposable income per capita in china using nationwide spatial autoregressive (SAR)

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuti Purwaningsih ◽  
Anusua Ghosh ◽  
Chumairoh Chumairoh
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Foreign Exchange Earning ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
The World ◽  
Spatial Autoregressive ◽  
Per Capita

China as a country became the economic center of the world. However, with a population of 1.3 billion, China's per capita income is still at number 80 in the world. In the world, considering the imbalance between town and country with 100 million people still living in poverty. Thus, to address this imbalance, it is necessary to study the condition in depth, because income per capita is often used as a benchmark to measure the prosperity of a country. With greater and equitable income per capita, the country will be judged increasingly affluent. Two factors, mainly industry and tourism, play an important role in the economic progress in China. These are include Per capita Disposable Income Nationwide (yuan), Total Value of Exports of operating units (1,000 USD), Registered Unemployed Person in Urban Area (10000 person), Foreign Exchange Earning from International tourism(in millions USD) and Number of Overseas Visitor Arrivals (million person/time). Thus, it is necessary to investigate the influence of these factors to increase per capita income. Since the economic development of a region usually affect the surrounding area, this study aims to include spatial effects, using Spatial Autoregressive (SAR) Model. The results suggest that the per capita income affected by the Tourism factor is about 58.65% (R-squared).

Income inequality by voivodships

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
Anna Turczak ◽  
Patrycja Zwiech
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Statistical Hypotheses ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Degree Of Similarity ◽  
Smirnov Test

The paper considered the question of whether the distribution of disposable income per capita in the Polish voivodships (provinces) is similar. To study this, the authors put appropriate statistical hypotheses and verified using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Conducting this test allowed them to conclude that there are no grounds to assert that the hypothesis of identical distributions of disposable income per capita is true. The authors determined only the degree of similarity of individual schedules and on this basis, divided the provinces into four homogeneous classes. Thanks to the Wroclaw taxonomy there has been shown that the conduct of the said division results in separation of the three one-piece groups, and one group of thirteen provinces.

scholarly journals A National and Regional Analysis of the Effects of Ageing and Education on Demand for Commercial Health Insurance in China.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Chen ◽  
Gerard Abou Jaoude
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Regional Analysis ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Dependency Ratio ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Commercial Health Insurance

Abstract Background: Social health insurance (SHI) in China has reached 95% coverage and facilitated progress toward Universal Health Coverage (UHC). However, elderly populations are currently under-represented, amplifying regional disparities and threatening progress toward UHC. Some households seek commercial health insurance (CHI) to complement SHI. This study is the first to investigate the effect of ageing and education on demand for CHI by region in China. Methods: Drawing on 2011 to 2018 data for 31 out of 34 provinces from the China Insurance Yearbook and Statistic Yearbook, fixed effects models were built for national and regional multivariate regression analyses. The analysis included CHI demand as the dependent variable, education level and elderly dependency ratio as independent variables, and disposable income per capita, SHI coverage, as well as health expenditure per capita as control variables.Results: Findings from the national analysis indicate a significant positive relationship between CHI demand and education level (17.3, p=0.01), elderly dependency ratio (24.1, p<0.001), disposable income per capita (179.5, p=0.04), and health expenditure per capita (0.12, p<0.001). However, no significant association is found between SHI coverage and CHI demand. In the regional analysis, a significant positive between education level and CHI demand is only found for the Eastern region (29.1, p<0.05). Similarly, a significant positive relationship between the elderly dependency ratio and CHI demand is observed for the Eastern (25.9, p<0.05) and Central regions (18.5, p<0.05). Of the three control variables investigated, disposable income per capita is not found to have an effect on CHI demand in any of the three regions. Conclusions: Results from this study build on existing evidence and draw attention to regional disparities in China, particularly in terms of education, and the resulting effect on CHI demand. Findings support calls for more elderly-oriented public health policy and insurance reform in China.

Differentiation in expenditure on insurance in households

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 57-72
Author(s):  
Marlena Piekut
Keyword(s):  
Household Size ◽  
Variance Analysis ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Insurance Expenditure

The aim of the research is to present the differentiation of expenditure on insurance in various types of Polish households. Research material consisted of data from surveys of household budgets conducted by Statistics Poland in the years 2004 and 2014. Correlation and variance analysis were used to determine the dependence of insurance expenditure on: disposable income per capita, household size, education, age and sex of the head of the household, household socio-economic group and class of the place of residence. The factors which had the greatest impact on insurance expenditure were disposable income per capita and education of the head of the household.

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