scholarly journals A National and Regional Analysis of the Effects of Ageing and Education on Demand for Commercial Health Insurance in China.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Chen ◽  
Gerard Abou Jaoude
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Regional Analysis ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Dependency Ratio ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Commercial Health Insurance

Abstract Background: Social health insurance (SHI) in China has reached 95% coverage and facilitated progress toward Universal Health Coverage (UHC). However, elderly populations are currently under-represented, amplifying regional disparities and threatening progress toward UHC. Some households seek commercial health insurance (CHI) to complement SHI. This study is the first to investigate the effect of ageing and education on demand for CHI by region in China. Methods: Drawing on 2011 to 2018 data for 31 out of 34 provinces from the China Insurance Yearbook and Statistic Yearbook, fixed effects models were built for national and regional multivariate regression analyses. The analysis included CHI demand as the dependent variable, education level and elderly dependency ratio as independent variables, and disposable income per capita, SHI coverage, as well as health expenditure per capita as control variables.Results: Findings from the national analysis indicate a significant positive relationship between CHI demand and education level (17.3, p=0.01), elderly dependency ratio (24.1, p<0.001), disposable income per capita (179.5, p=0.04), and health expenditure per capita (0.12, p<0.001). However, no significant association is found between SHI coverage and CHI demand. In the regional analysis, a significant positive between education level and CHI demand is only found for the Eastern region (29.1, p<0.05). Similarly, a significant positive relationship between the elderly dependency ratio and CHI demand is observed for the Eastern (25.9, p<0.05) and Central regions (18.5, p<0.05). Of the three control variables investigated, disposable income per capita is not found to have an effect on CHI demand in any of the three regions. Conclusions: Results from this study build on existing evidence and draw attention to regional disparities in China, particularly in terms of education, and the resulting effect on CHI demand. Findings support calls for more elderly-oriented public health policy and insurance reform in China.

scholarly journals Determinants of Structural Transformation in ASEAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Kalies Sirieh Puspitowati ◽  
Deden Dinar Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Dependency Ratio ◽  
Service Value ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Asean Countries

This study aims to analyze the determinants of the structural transformation in ASEAN countries. This study uses quantitative panel data from 9 countries in ASEAN from 2000 to 2017, thus makes up for 162 observations. This study employs panel data regression analysis with fixed effect model approach. In this study, the shifting of sectoral value added away from agriculture sectors indicates structural transformation. In particular, sectoral value added consists of the industrial value added and service value added. The results of this study shows that dependency ratio, income per capita, education, and trade significantly affect the increase of industrial value added during observation period. On the other hand, total population, dependency ratio, income per capita, education, control of corruption, and trade significantly increase the service value added over time.

OP109 Comparison Of The Health System Establishment Periods In Eighty-Eight Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (S1) ◽  
pp. 41-42
Author(s):  
Xuan Cheng ◽  
Hai-Chao Lei ◽  
Yu-Jie Yang ◽  
Na-Na Fan ◽  
Yi-Ming Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Health System ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Lower Mortality ◽  
Dependency Ratio ◽  
System Establishment ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cold War

Introduction:Health system reform is considered a tough issue worldwide. Great efforts have been made toward health system building and strengthening. However, it is still unclear which health system is appropriate for different countries. This study aimed to systematically compare the characteristics of the establishment periods between eighty-eight counties of National Health Service (NHS) and Social Health Insurance (SHI).Methods:Forty-eight NHS countries and forty SHI countries with data availability were selected. The establishment years of current health systems and other eighteen indicators in economics, society, population and health during establishment periods were collected. Comparison between NHS and SHI was conducted by descriptive analysis of every indicator.Results:Most NHS countries were established during the cold war, while SHI had been set up since the cold war ended. The median of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, urbanization rate and aging rate of SHI were USD 1535 in current dollars, 58.2 percent and 9.8 percent, respectively; compared with USD 1387, 41.2 percent and 4.7 percent, respectively of NHS. NHS countries had a smaller total population, lower mortality rate and elderly dependency ratio, while the birth rate and children's dependency ratio were higher. SHI countries showed a higher life expectancy and lower mortality rate in infants and children. NHS countries spent less in total health expenditure and a lower proportion of GDP. The median health expenditure per capita of SHI and NHS were USD 188 and USD 131 in current dollars, respectively. There was little difference among maternal mortality rates, and public and private health expenditure proportions.Conclusions:NHS and SHI countries had different characteristics during the health system establishment periods. NHS was established earlier than SHI overall, so that SHI revealed higher levels in economic and social development. Health outcomes of NHS countries were slightly lower than SHI ones, while health expenditure was more in SHI countries. Specific social, economic, demographic and health conditions should be considered when countries are building their own health systems.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Regional Income Inequality in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfu Shen ◽  
Wai Yan Shum ◽  
Tsun Se Cheong ◽  
Lafang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Regional Income ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Regional Income Inequality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of COVID-19 and social distancing policies on regional income inequality. We base our study on a sample of 295 prefecture (and above) cities in 31 provinces in China. A distribution dynamics approach is employed to reveal the trend and movement of disposable income per capita in each city before the COVID-19 pandemic, during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in the period when the COVID-19 was under the control. The findings reveal significant negative economic consequences of the COVID-19 in the first quarter of 2020 and show that most cities will converge to a level of disposable income which is much less than the Pre-COVID level if the COVID pandemic persists. Regional income inequality has intensified in the cities that have a longer duration of stringent social distancing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic and disappeared in the cities with policies of short duration. Disposable income per capita for urban residents recovered quickly when the transmission of coronavirus was effectively contained; and yet the impact of the pandemic on rural residents remains unresolved, if not intensified. This study demonstrates a significant divergence of the trend of disposable income across cities with different durations of social distancing policies and between urban and rural residents. It also highlights the importance of stringent social distancing policies in containing the spread of virus in a short time and calls for special policy attention for rural regions in the recovery from the COVID-19.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERMINTAAN KEDELAI DI INDONESIA

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Luthfiya Fathi Pusposari
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Demand Elasticity ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Indonesian Population ◽  
Demand Theory ◽  
Per Capita

<p>Indonesian population growth from year to year has increased, the population of Indonesia has incense for about 20 million people from the previous census data. Soybean is one of commodity most consumed by society census. Demand of soybean in this country 2,4 million tons per year, as much as 70% comes from imported soybean. Based on demand theory there are many factors that influence demand of goods, among others, the price of the goods themselves, the price of other goods, population, etc. Purpose of this research is to understand the elasticity of  soybean’s demand in East Java and what variable which have the highest elasticity. The result of this research shows that variable of soybean's price is in elastic towards demand of soybean while variable of corn's price, income per capita and population is elastic. Variable which has sensitivity or the highest elasticity is variable of population</p><p>Keyword: Demand, Elasticity, Soybean</p>

Where Is the Growth Potential of Demand? Expenditure on Clothing and Footwear in Polish Households

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Marlena Piekut
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Per Capita

The aim of the article is to recognize the differences in the level and share of expenditure on clothing and footwear in different types of households and identify the characteristics of households with greatest financial potential influencing the expenditure on clothing and footwear. In Poland every year spending on clothing and footwear increased. The strongest determinants of spending were: income per capita, age, education level head home. The largest expenditure on clothing and footwear was recorded in households of people with the greatest income, among young people, with higher level of education, in higher positions in the hierarchy of the organization, in households with fewer children to support.

Determinants of consumption of people aged 70 and more

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
Marlena Piekut
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Canonical Correlation Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Canonical Correlation ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita

The purpose of this article is to indicate the hierarchy of factors determining consumption in households of people aged 70 and more. Material consisted of data from a study of household budgets survey for 2012. The present study used the method of canonical correlation analysis. The most important determinants of expenditure in households of people aged 70 and more have proven to be disposable income per capita and the size of the household. More spending on alcoholic beverages and tobacco products were characterized by households in which the head of the household was a man. In households located in rural areas and run by people with primary education reported less spending on services such as communications, recreation and culture.

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