scholarly journals Kolęda jako źródło inspiracji w twórczości kompozytorów polskich w latach 1945-2005

Author(s):  
Rafał Rozmus

<p>Repertuar muzyki bożonarodzeniowej z lat 1945-2005 ugruntowanej na rodzimej tradycji kolędowej przedstawia się jako dość obszerna część twórczości polskich kompozytorów. Jest to zjawisko zróżnicowane, obejmujące różne sposoby traktowania materiału kolędowego, rozmaite rozwiązania z zakresu formy, techniki kompozytorskiej, wielorakie rodzaje składów wykonawczych i różnorodne odcienie ekspresji dźwiękowej. Znajdujemy tu m.in.: częste nawiązania do polskiej muzyki ludowej, stylizacje historyzujące, język romantyczny i neoromantyczny, archaizacje, emanacje nowego języka dźwiękowego (sonorystyka, punktualizm, aleatoryzm, nowoczesna harmonika, technika repetytywna, klastery). W grupie opracowań kolęd (część I: <em>Opracowania kolęd</em>) kompozytorzy najczęściej wykorzystują powszechnie znane kolędy i pastorałki. W wypadku opracowań na chór <em>a cappella</em> i opracowań wokalno-instrumentalnych inspiracja płynie zarówno z tekstu słownego, jak i z melodii opracowanej kolędy (np. przez eksponowanie jej motywów w strukturze głosów kontrapunktujących). Wśród stosowanych technik kompozytorskich dominują środki konwencjonalne, nawiązujące stylistycznie do muzyki epoki romantyzmu lub wcześniejszych epok. Sporadycznie tylko tradycyjnej melodii kolędowej towarzyszą współczesny język harmoniczny i nowe środki wyrazu. W opracowaniach pastorałek często dochodzi do głosu stylizacja polskiego folkloru muzycznego – w melodyce (np. użycie skal charakterystycznych dla muzyki niektórych regionów Polski), rytmice (wykorzystywanie rytmów tanecznych), harmonice i fakturze (puste kwinty, dźwięki burdonowe). Szczególnie często twórcy nawiązują do muzyki Podhala. Instrumentalne opracowania mają natomiast z reguły charakter użytkowy – służą do gry w kościele, celom dydaktycznym, muzykowaniu domowemu. Grupa kompozycji (część II: <em>Kompozycje</em>), które odwołują się do rodzimej tradycji kolędowo-pastorałkowej, dystansując się jednocześnie od praktyki opracowań, aranżacji itp., jest dużo bardziej zróżnicowana, zarówno pod względem tekstowym, jak i muzycznym. W utworach wokalnych i wokalno-instrumentalnych uderza rozległość warstwy literackiej, obejmującej teksty z dawnych epok, XIX w., poezję współczesną, twórczość ludową, teksty łacińskie. W ślad za tym idzie daleko posunięta różnorodność środków i technik kompozytorskich, konwencji stylistycznych i typów ekspresji. Z jednej strony pojawiają się archaizacje – nawiązania do organum, chorału gregoriańskiego, rytmiki i harmoniki modalnej, dawnych form, z drugiej – ludowe stylizacje, neobarok, kompozycje romantyzujące, dzieła oparte na współczesnym języku dźwiękowym. Równie wielką rozmaitość zauważamy w sposobach traktowania tradycyjnego materiału kolędowego, począwszy od nasycenia nim struktury motywicznej kompozycji (materiał tematyczny, imitacje, snucie motywiczne), po okazjonalne cytaty, a nawet takie sytuacje, gdzie nowo skomponowana muzyka unika cytatu, a mimo to – w różny sposób – przywołuje kolędowo-pastorałkowy nastrój. Podobnie rzecz ma się z kompozycjami instrumentalnymi. Są pośród nich takie, w których melodia kolędy staje się czynnikiem konstrukcyjnym, na drugim zaś biegunie sytuują się utwory, w którym cytat z kolędy pojawia się okazjonalnie, pełniąc rolę symbolu.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Christmas Carol as a Source of Inspiration in the Works of Polish Composers in 1945-2005</strong></p>SUMMARY<p>The repertoire of Christmas music from 1945-2005, consolidated on the native Christmas carol tradition, can be perceived as a vast part of the works of Polish composers. It is a diverse phenomenon, comprising various ways of treatment of the Christmas carol material, various solutions in the form, composer’s technique, various kinds of the artist forces, and various shadows of sound expression. We may fi nd here inter alia: frequent references to Polish folk music, historicizing stylizations, Romantic and neo-Romantic language, archaizations, emanations of a new sound language (sonorism, punctualism, aleatorism, modern harmonica, repetitive technique, clusters). In the group of adaptations of carols (Part I – Adaptation of Carols) the composers frequently make use of commonly known carols and pastorals. In the case of adaptations for a choir a cappella and vocal-instrumental adaptations, the inspiration stems from both the verbal text and melody of the adapted carol e.g. by emphasizing its motifs in the structure of counterpoint voices). Among applied composer’s techniques, conventional means dominate which stylistically refer to the music of Romantic or previous epochs. Only sporadically the traditional carol melody is accompanied by modern harmonic language and new means of expression. In the adaptation of pastorals the stylization of Polish musical folklore is very often heard – in the melody pattern (e.g. the use of scales characteristic of the music of some regions in Poland), in rhythmicity (the use of dancing rhythms), in harmony and texture (empty fi fths, bourdon sounds). The composers particularly frequently refer to the music of the Podhale region. Instrumental adaptations are usually of practical character – they serve to be played in church, for didactic purposes, to play music at home. The group of compositions (Part II – Compositions) which refers to the native carol-pastoral tradition, while at same time distancing itself from the practice of arrangements etc., is far more diverse both as far as the text and melody is concerned. In vocal and vocal-instrumental works the vastness of the literary layer is striking; it comprises the texts from old epochs, 19th century, modern poetry, folk works, and Latin texts. This is followed by a variety of means and composer’s techniques, stylistic conventions, and types of expression. On the one hand, there are archaizations – references to the organum, Gregorian chorale, rhythmicity and modal harmony of old forms, on the other hand – folk stylizations, neo-Baroque, romanticizing compositions, work based on modern sound language. We may also perceive a great variety in the way of treating traditional carol, material from fi lling with it the motif structure of the composition (thematic material, imitation, motif repetitions) to occasional citations, and even to such situations where newly composed music avoids a citation, nevertheless it refers to the carol-pastoral mood). The same applies to the instrumental compositions. There are compositions in which the melody of a carol is a constructive factor; at the opposite end there are musical pieces in which the citation from a carol appears occasionally, playing the role of a symbol.</p>

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-442
Author(s):  
R. Larry Todd

History has often viewed Brahms as a Janus-faced composer who turned his gaze backward to contemplate the accumulated riches of music history even as he sought late in his career to exploit new means of musical expression. On the one hand, he habitually collected passages from a long line of composers that breached the traditional prohibition against parallel fifths and octaves; he exchanged ideas with musicologists such as Nottebohm, Mandyczewski and Adler, and read early issues of the Vierteljahrsschrift für Musikwissenschaft; and he indulged from time to time in a distinctive musical historicism. But on the other hand, his music was embraced for showing a way forward for a number of next-generation composers who would contend with twentieth-century modernism, most notably of course Schoenberg, in his essay ‘Brahms the Progressive’, but also Anton von Webern, whose transitional Passacaglia op. 1 was unthinkable without the precedent of Brahms’s op. 90, and whose aphoristic miniatures betrayed the concentrated expression and opening up of register in Brahms’s late Klavierstücke.This essay considers one still relatively little-explored facet of Brahms’s historical gaze – his use of modes in his later music, and their potential for creating alternative means of musical organization that challenged, and yet were somehow compatible with, tonality. Examples considered include the first movement of the Clarinet Trio op. 114 and slow movement of the String Quintet no. 2 op. 111. Unlike Brahms’s earlier compositions that treat modes as signifiers of a style of folk music or simulated folk music, the later instrumental works seem to juxtapose principles of modal organization within the context of tonal compositions. Thus, in the first movement of the Clarinet Trio, eerie passages in fauxbourdon impress as allusions to a distant, archaic musical other, as if Brahms the historian were searching for the distant roots of his musical aesthetic.


2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosamund Moon

AbstractSimile is generally explained as an explicit comparison between two things, which presupposes they have features or qualities in common – but equally, there must be essential differences too. This paper pursues these differences, and explores ideas of dissimilarity in simile, here considered as a separate device from metaphor. It then looks at implications for text analysis, in particular the role of simile in articulating the experience of the unknown and the new in narrations of travel. Drawing on texts by three 19th-century explorers (Livingstone, Stanley, Kingsley) and contrasting them with fiction (Conrad), I argue that the dissimilarities within similes reveal much, particularly with respect to ideological meanings on the one hand, and the expression of certainty and uncertainty on the other.


Author(s):  
Julian Murphet

Character is a property of narrative and discursive textuality, even as it is also a moral and ethical category referring to individual and collective norms of behavior and motive. This double valence has affected the concept since Aristotle and Plato first began the unfinished, centuries-long project of literary theory. On the one hand, stemming from Aristotle, there has been a tradition of formalist conceptions of character, understanding it as a device used by writers to drive narrative momentum and effect transformations within the discourse. The domain of action, and its variously entailed reactions and consequences, was thought to belong to the agents of narrative discourse by rights, while what was generally called their “character” typically concerned the incidental qualifications and explanations of their actions in speech and thought. Once that distinction is made, however, there are smaller and smaller units into which agency can logically be subdivided, and more and more arbitrary and capricious qualities of character used to flesh out an abstract narratological principle. The histories of formalism, structuralism, and poststructuralism attest to this labor of specialization and fissiparous subdivision of the bound concepts of agent and character. On the other hand, stemming from Plato, we see a centuries-long interest in the mutually interactive relations between imaginary persons, or fictional selves, and the fashioning of public or social selves in regimes of education and discipline. The question of the role of literary characters in the formation of good citizens, or indeed delinquent ones, is one that refuses to go away, since it has proven impossible to separate fiction from reality in the complex processes of self-fashioning through which every subject must go. One last matter of interest has exerted more theoretical influence over the concept in recent years, and that is the topic of affects: the qualities and intensities of human feelings can be seen to have had a major bearing on the writing and elaboration of fictional beings, and vice versa, at least since the late 19th century.


Author(s):  
Iryna Rusnak

The author of the article analyses the problem of the female emancipation in the little-known feuilleton “Amazonia: A Very Inept Story” (1924) by Mykola Chirsky. The author determines the genre affiliation of the work and examines its compositional structure. Three parts are distinguished in the architectonics of associative feuilleton: associative conception; deployment of a “small” topic; conclusion. The author of the article clarifies the role of intertextual elements and the method of constantly switching the tone from serious to comic to reveal the thematic direction of the work. Mykola Chirsky’s interest in the problem of female emancipation is corresponded to the general mood of the era. The subject of ridicule in provocative feuilleton is the woman’s radical metamorphoses, since repulsive manifestations of emancipation becomes commonplace. At the same time, the writer shows respect for the woman, appreciates her femininity, internal and external beauty, personality. He associates the positive in women with the functions of a faithful wife, a caring mother, and a skilled housewife. In feuilleton, the writer does not bypass the problem of the modern man role in a family, but analyses the value and moral and ethical guidelines of his character. The husband’s bad habits receive a caricatured interpretation in the strange behaviour of relatives. On the one hand, the writer does not perceive the extremes brought by female emancipation, and on the other, he mercilessly criticises the male “virtues” of contemporaries far from the standard. The artistic heritage of Mykola Chirsky remains little studied. The urgent task of modern literary studies is the introduction of Mykola Chirsky’s unknown works into the scientific circulation and their thorough scientific understanding.


Author(s):  
Ксения Ивановна Голубцова

Статья посвящена рассмотрению проблем профилактики преступлений оперативными подразделениями исправительных учреждений (далее - ИУ). Автор, раскрывая роль оперативных отделов ИУ в общей профилактике правонарушений, указывает на ее двоякость, поскольку, с одной стороны, рассматриваемые подразделения обладают значительным преимуществом перед другими службами учреждения в выявлении негативных факторов (негласный метод получения оперативно значимой информации), с другой стороны - далеко не все условия, которые способствуют совершению преступлений в ИУ, можно устранить оперативным путем. Изучение специальной литературы позволило выявить в деятельности начальников ИУ определенные проблемы, связанные с оценкой состояния оперативной обстановки в ИУ, сложившейся ситуации; с отсутствием прогноза развития криминогенной ситуации в ИУ, а также с профессиональной некомпетентностью руководителей, неумением объективно оценивать результаты деятельности структурных подразделений. Автор особое внимание уделяет анализу статистических данных о совершенных и предотвращенных преступлениях лицами, находящимися в местах лишения свободы. The article is devoted to the consideration of problems of crime prevention by operational units of correctional institutions (hereinafter referred to as IA). The author, revealing the role of the operational departments of the IA in the general prevention of offences, points to its twofold. On the one hand, the units under consideration have significant advantages over other services of the institution in identifying negative factors (these are tacit methods of obtaining promptly meaningful information). On the other hand, not all conditions conducive to the commission of crimes in IA can be eliminated by operational means: For example, shortcomings in the activities of other departments and services (security department, duty shift, etc.). The study of special literature has made it possible to identify problems in the activities of heads of correctional institutions in the sphere of implementation of solutions in case of lack of objective and complete information on the state of the operational situation in IA, the current situation, the results of the activities of structural subdivisions; No forecast of the development of the crime situation in IE; Professional incompetence of managers, inability to objectively assess the results of activities of structural subdivisions. The author pays particular attention to the analysis of statistics on crimes committed and prevented by persons in detention.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Scerri

<span>The very nature of chemistry presents us with a tension. A tension between the exhilaration of diversity of substances and forms on the one hand and the safety of fundamental unity on the other. Even just the recent history of chemistry has been al1 about this tension, from the debates about Prout's hypothesis as to whether there is a primary matter in the 19th century to the more recent speculations as to whether computers will enable us to virtually dispense with experimental chemistry.</span>


1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Oldroyd

This article examines the role that correspondence played in the accounting systems of Tudor merchants. Merchants relied heavily on letters as a means of controlling their businesses at a distance by making agents accountable. Written accountability, as well as information for business decisions, was encouraged by agency relationships in mercantile enterprises. The system could be undermined by the breakdown of communication through the negligence of a factor or the lack of involvement by the principal. The time delays between the sending and the receipt of letters, on the one hand, and the procurement and conveyance of goods, on the other, were additional problems.


Author(s):  
Zoltán Kövecses

The chapter reports on work concerned with the issue of how conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) functions as a link between culture and cognition. Three large areas are investigated to this effect. First, work on the interaction between conceptual metaphors, on the one hand, and folk and expert theories of emotion, on the other, is surveyed. Second, the issue of metaphorical universality and variation is addressed, together with that of the function of embodiment in metaphor. Third, a contextualist view of conceptual metaphors is proposed. The discussion of these issues leads to a new and integrated understanding of the role of metaphor and metonymy in creating cultural reality and that of metaphorical variation across and within cultures, as well as individuals.


Author(s):  
Steven French

What is a scientific theory? Is it a set of propositions? Or a family of models? Or is it some kind of abstract artefact? These options are examined in the context of a comparison between theories and artworks. On the one hand, theories are said to be like certain kinds of paintings, in that they play a representational role; on the other, they are compared to musical works, insofar as they can be multiply presented. I shall argue that such comparisons should be treated with care and that all of the above options face problems. Instead, I suggest, we should adopt a form of eliminativism towards theories, in the sense that a theory should not be regarded as any thing. Nevertheless, we can still talk about them and attribute certain qualities to them, where that talk is understood to be made true by certain practices. This shift to practices as truth-makers for theory talk then has certain implications for how we regard theories in the realism debate and in the context of the nature and role of representation in science.


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Bonus ◽  
Dieter Häussinger ◽  
Holger Gohlke

Abstract Liver cell hydration (cell volume) is dynamic and can change within minutes under the influence of hormones, nutrients, and oxidative stress. Such volume changes were identified as a novel and important modulator of cell function. It provides an early example for the interaction between a physical parameter (cell volume) on the one hand and metabolism, transport, and gene expression on the other. Such events involve mechanotransduction (osmosensing) which triggers signaling cascades towards liver function (osmosignaling). This article reviews our own work on this topic with emphasis on the role of β1 integrins as (osmo-)mechanosensors in the liver, but also on their role in bile acid signaling.


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