scholarly journals Muzyka obrazu. Impresja na temat Riepina

Author(s):  
Tomasz Jasiński

<p>Jakkolwiek malarstwo ma zasadniczo inną naturę niż muzyka, która w przeciwieństwie do nieruchomego obrazu rozwija się w czasie, to zdarza się, że dzieło sztuki malarskiej wkracza – w trakcie aktu percepcji – w ów obcy sobie, a immanentny muzyce wymiar. Gdy uważnie wpatrujemy się w obraz, kontemplujemy go z największą intensywnością, angażując wiedzę, erudycję, pamięć, myśl, uruchamiając jednocześnie całą naszą wyobraźnię, to przy takiej właśnie percepcji widniejące na płótnie postacie, widoki, sceny mogą przejść w sferę temporalności. Patrząc bowiem na roztaczające się przed nami znaki plastyczne z ową twórczą koncentracją i najdalej posuniętą przenikliwością, „dopisujemy” do nich dodatkowe sensy, wyposażamy je w nowe atrybuty, symbole, nieprzeczuwane wcześniej treści. Naszą wewnętrzną pracą wprawiamy je w ruch. Rezultatem wszystkich tych niezwykłych doznań rodzących się w naszej jaźni jest to, że przeżywamy jakąś historię, która rozgrywa się już w toku czasowym. Obraz zaczyna żyć w nowej, odmienionej perspektywie; niczym muzyka – w sekwencjach, splotach i nawarstwieniach zdarzeń przeszłych, teraźniejszych, przyszłych. Powstaje rodzaj wielowymiarowej „kompozycji” rozwijanej w przestrzeni czasu. To swoista temporalna eksterioryzacja dzieła malarskiego – które wychodzi poza siebie i rozprzestrzenia się w czasie. Fenomen ten, opisany przed laty przez Gustawa Holoubka, autor artykułu stara się odkryć w obrazie <em>Nie żdali</em> wybitnego malarza rosyjskiego Ilji Riepina (1844-1930).</p><p><strong>The Music of a Picture. Impressions on Repin</strong></p>SUMMARY<p>Although painting is of quite different nature than music which, in contrast to the motionless picture, develops in time, it sometimes happens that the work of art enters – during the perception act – this strange dimension immanent for music. When we attentively look at the picture, we contemplate it with the highest intensity, engaging our knowledge, erudition, memory, thought, and at the same time initiating all our imagination; it is with such perception that the fi gures, views, and scenes observable in the picture may evolve into the sphere of temporality. Looking at these fi ne arts signs in front us, with this creative concentration and furthest reaching perceptiveness we “add” to them additional meanings, we equip them with new attributes, symbols, and content unfelt earlier. Through our inner work we make them move. The result of all these unusual experiences born in our ego is the fact that we experience a history which takes place in a time course. The picture starts living in a new, different perspective; like music – in sequences, tangles, and layers of past, modern, and future events. A kind of multi-dimensional “composition” developed in the temporal space is being composed. This is a unique temporal exteriorization of a painting work – which goes beyond itself and is spread in time. The author tries to fi nd this phenomenon, described long ago by Gustaw Holoubek, in the picture Ne zhdali [Unexpected Return/Visitors] painted by an eminent Russian painter Ilya Repin (1844-1930).</p>

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (88) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
John J. Cimino
Keyword(s):  

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (29) ◽  
pp. 8332-8337 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hoppe ◽  
Constantin A. Rothkopf

During active behavior humans redirect their gaze several times every second within the visual environment. Where we look within static images is highly efficient, as quantified by computational models of human gaze shifts in visual search and face recognition tasks. However, when we shift gaze is mostly unknown despite its fundamental importance for survival in a dynamic world. It has been suggested that during naturalistic visuomotor behavior gaze deployment is coordinated with task-relevant events, often predictive of future events, and studies in sportsmen suggest that timing of eye movements is learned. Here we establish that humans efficiently learn to adjust the timing of eye movements in response to environmental regularities when monitoring locations in the visual scene to detect probabilistically occurring events. To detect the events humans adopt strategies that can be understood through a computational model that includes perceptual and acting uncertainties, a minimal processing time, and, crucially, the intrinsic costs of gaze behavior. Thus, subjects traded off event detection rate with behavioral costs of carrying out eye movements. Remarkably, based on this rational bounded actor model the time course of learning the gaze strategies is fully explained by an optimal Bayesian learner with humans’ characteristic uncertainty in time estimation, the well-known scalar law of biological timing. Taken together, these findings establish that the human visual system is highly efficient in learning temporal regularities in the environment and that it can use these regularities to control the timing of eye movements to detect behaviorally relevant events.


Author(s):  
K.W. Lee ◽  
R.H. Meints ◽  
D. Kuczmarski ◽  
J.L. Van Etten

The physiological, biochemical, and ultrastructural aspects of the symbiotic relationship between the Chlorella-like algae and the hydra have been intensively investigated. Reciprocal cross-transfer of the Chlorellalike algae between different strains of green hydra provide a system for the study of cell recognition. However, our attempts to culture the algae free of the host hydra of the Florida strain, Hydra viridis, have been consistently unsuccessful. We were, therefore, prompted to examine the isolated algae at the ultrastructural level on a time course.


Author(s):  
P. Maupin-Szamier ◽  
T. D. Pollard

We have studied the destruction of rabbit muscle actin filaments by osmium tetroxide (OSO4) to develop methods which will preserve the structure of actin filaments during preparation for transmission electron microscopy.Negatively stained F-actin, which appears as smooth, gently curved filaments in control samples (Fig. 1a), acquire an angular, distorted profile and break into progressively shorter pieces after exposure to OSO4 (Fig. 1b,c). We followed the time course of the reaction with viscometry since it is a simple, quantitative method to assess filament integrity. The difference in rates of decay in viscosity of polymerized actin solutions after the addition of four concentrations of OSO4 is illustrated in Fig. 2. Viscometry indicated that the rate of actin filament destruction is also dependent upon temperature, buffer type, buffer concentration, and pH, and requires the continued presence of OSO4. The conditions most favorable to filament preservation are fixation in a low concentration of OSO4 for a short time at 0°C in 100mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.0.


Author(s):  
Nancy R. Wallace ◽  
Craig C. Freudenrich ◽  
Karl Wilbur ◽  
Peter Ingram ◽  
Ann LeFurgey

The morphology of balanomorph barnacles during metamorphosis from the cyprid larval stage to the juvenile has been examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The free-swimming cyprid attaches to a substrate, rotates 90° in the vertical plane, molts, and assumes the adult shape. The resulting metamorph is clad in soft cuticle and has an adult-like appearance with a mantle cavity, thorax with cirri, and incipient shell plates. At some time during the development from cyprid to juvenile, the barnacle begins to mineralize its shell, but it is not known whether calcification occurs before, during, or after ecdysis. To examine this issue, electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) was used to detect calcium in cyprids and juveniles at various times during metamorphosis.Laboratory-raised, free-swimming cyprid larvae were allowed to settle on plastic coverslips in culture dishes of seawater. The cyprids were observed with a dissecting microscope, cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen-cooled liquid propane at various times (0-24 h) during metamorphosis, freeze dried, rotary carbon-coated, and examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). EPXMA dot maps were obtained in parallel for qualitative assessment of calcium and other elements in the carapace, wall, and opercular plates.


2019 ◽  
Vol 476 (22) ◽  
pp. 3521-3532
Author(s):  
Eric Soubeyrand ◽  
Megan Kelly ◽  
Shea A. Keene ◽  
Ann C. Bernert ◽  
Scott Latimer ◽  
...  

Plants have evolved the ability to derive the benzenoid moiety of the respiratory cofactor and antioxidant, ubiquinone (coenzyme Q), either from the β-oxidative metabolism of p-coumarate or from the peroxidative cleavage of kaempferol. Here, isotopic feeding assays, gene co-expression analysis and reverse genetics identified Arabidopsis 4-COUMARATE-COA LIGASE 8 (4-CL8; At5g38120) as a contributor to the β-oxidation of p-coumarate for ubiquinone biosynthesis. The enzyme is part of the same clade (V) of acyl-activating enzymes than At4g19010, a p-coumarate CoA ligase known to play a central role in the conversion of p-coumarate into 4-hydroxybenzoate. A 4-cl8 T-DNA knockout displayed a 20% decrease in ubiquinone content compared with wild-type plants, while 4-CL8 overexpression boosted ubiquinone content up to 150% of the control level. Similarly, the isotopic enrichment of ubiquinone's ring was decreased by 28% in the 4-cl8 knockout as compared with wild-type controls when Phe-[Ring-13C6] was fed to the plants. This metabolic blockage could be bypassed via the exogenous supply of 4-hydroxybenzoate, the product of p-coumarate β-oxidation. Arabidopsis 4-CL8 displays a canonical peroxisomal targeting sequence type 1, and confocal microscopy experiments using fused fluorescent reporters demonstrated that this enzyme is imported into peroxisomes. Time course feeding assays using Phe-[Ring-13C6] in a series of Arabidopsis single and double knockouts blocked in the β-oxidative metabolism of p-coumarate (4-cl8; at4g19010; at4g19010 × 4-cl8), flavonol biosynthesis (flavanone-3-hydroxylase), or both (at4g19010 × flavanone-3-hydroxylase) indicated that continuous high light treatments (500 µE m−2 s−1; 24 h) markedly stimulated the de novo biosynthesis of ubiquinone independently of kaempferol catabolism.


2008 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 147-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Schaber ◽  
Edda Klipp

Volume is a highly regulated property of cells, because it critically affects intracellular concentration. In the present chapter, we focus on the short-term volume regulation in yeast as a consequence of a shift in extracellular osmotic conditions. We review a basic thermodynamic framework to model volume and solute flows. In addition, we try to select a model for turgor, which is an important hydrodynamic property, especially in walled cells. Finally, we demonstrate the validity of the presented approach by fitting the dynamic model to a time course of volume change upon osmotic shock in yeast.


1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Formby ◽  
B. Albritton ◽  
I. M. Rivera

We describe preliminary attempts to fit a mathematical function to the slow-component eye velocity (SCV) over the time course of caloric-induced nystagmus. Initially, we consider a Weibull equation with three parameters. These parameters are estimated by a least-squares procedure to fit digitized SCV data. We present examples of SCV data and fitted curves to show how adjustments in the parameters of the model affect the fitted curve. The best fitting parameters are presented for curves fit to 120 warm caloric responses. The fitting parameters and the efficacy of the fitted curves are compared before and after the SCV data were smoothed to reduce response variability. We also consider a more flexible four-parameter Weibull equation that, for 98% of the smoothed caloric responses, yields fits that describe the data more precisely than a line through the mean. Finally, we consider advantages and problems in fitting the Weibull function to caloric data.


2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A659-A659 ◽  
Author(s):  
M BYRNE ◽  
P CORCORAN ◽  
K SHEEHAN ◽  
J ATHERTON ◽  
D FITZGERALD ◽  
...  

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