scholarly journals Requirements, Qualities and Solutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 130-143
Author(s):  
Erzsébet Urbán
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Vatican Ii ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
World War ◽  
Artistic Quality ◽  
Second World ◽  
Close Parallelism

After the Second World War the ecclesiastical property was drastically reduced in Hungary. However, Vatican II gave an intense motivation and impulse to the spiritual-psychical revival for the communities and by this time, the preservation of the religious heritage got some statal, professional attention too. The restoration or reconstruction works were often linked with the acute interior transformations according to Vatican II. Although the Hungarian publication and interpretation of the reforms were relatively slow, still a few essential informative discussions were born. The Venice Charter (1964) also had a significant effect on the monument preservation methodology in this period. Analysing the theoretical approach of the Vatican II Constitution and Instruction a close parallelism can be identified with the architectural aspects of the Venice Charter: respect the old parts with the obviously distinguishable, new supplements, and create modern artworks with high artistic quality. The end of the paper cites some brief case studies to present the practical implementation of the directives.

Enlarging Yugoslavia: Tito's Quest for Expansion, 1945–1948

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Niebuhr
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
World War ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Second World ◽  
Over Time

When Yugoslav strongman Josip Broz Tito secured power at the end of the Second World War, he had envisioned for himself a new Yugoslavia that would serve as the center of power for the Balkan Peninsula. First, he worked to ensure a Yugoslav presence in the Trieste region of Italy and southern Austria as a way to gain territory inhabited by Slovenes and Croats; meanwhile, his other foreign policy escapades sought to make Yugoslavia into a major European power. To that end, Yugoslav agents quickly worked to synchronize the Albanian socio-economic and political systems through their support of Albanian Partisans and only grew emboldened over time. As allies who proved themselves in the fight against fascism, Yugoslav policymakers felt able to act with impunity throughout the early post-Cold War period. The goal of this article is to highlight this early foreign policy by focusing on three case studies – Trieste, Carinthia, and Albania – as part of an effort to reinforce the established argument over Tito's quest for power in the early Cold War period.

scholarly journals From Protests to the Ban: Demonstrations against the ‘Jewish’ Films in Interwar Vienna and Bratislava

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-29
Author(s):  
Miloslav Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Modern Art ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
World War ◽  
Joint Effort ◽  
National Community ◽  
Western Front ◽  
Second World

Taking the example of the protests against the films All Quiet on the Western Front (1930–1) and Le Golem (1936) in interwar Austria and Slovakia, this study addresses the links between antisemitism, nationalism and cinema in Central Europe that historical research has so far overlooked. Unlike other demonstrations against the talkies, campaigns against so-called ‘Jewish’ films were not an expression of linguistic nationalism, as they pointed to the ‘destructive’ impact of capitalism, socialism or modern art, which in the ideology of antisemitism were allegedly personified by ‘Jews’. The conservatives and radicals who called for a ban of those ‘Jewish’ films considered it a first step towards the creation of a national community without ‘Jews’. In Austria the moderate and radical opponents of A ll Quiet on the Western Front ultimately reached their goal through a joint effort. In Slovakia they only managed to get the film Le Golem completely banned when the geopolitical conditions changed after the mutilation of Czechoslovakia on the eve of the Second World War. The fact is that in both cases, moderate nationalists placed themselves in the ambivalent position of pioneers of antisemitism and ultimately facilitated fascist and Nazi radicals in the practical implementation of their postulates.

scholarly journals Museums as Landscape Activists

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-26
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Jagodzińska
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Second World War ◽  
City Management ◽  
World War ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Second World ◽  
Point Of Reference

The article discusses the issue of the “extended museum”, raising questions about how museums become active actors in current topical discussions on the shape of cities, what their role is in the processes of city management and how this engagement in external spaces affects the overall mission of museums. The point of reference is the ICOM Resolution on the responsibility of museums towards landscape adopted in 2016, which offered museums legitimacy in taking actions with regard to their environment, beyond museum walls. On the grounds of four case studies of Polish museums I present strategies whereby relations between the museum, authorities and communities are negotiated (regarding the protection of post-industrial and Second World War heritage, the contextualisation of socialist heritage and the struggle for greenery).

scholarly journals Foreign Literature in Fascist Italy: Circulation and Censorship

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Dunnett
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
John Steinbeck ◽  
World War ◽  
Foreign Literature ◽  
Historical Contextualisation ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Way

Abstract In this article the author sets out to illustrate some of the strategies which Italian translators and publishers adopted, or were forced to adopt, to ensure that their texts passed muster under Fascism. “Taboo” areas are identified and an attempt is made to sketch out what were often rather vague criteria for acceptability. The author proceeds to survey the mechanisms that were put in place to vet books—essentially, preventive censorship and police confiscation—for the duration of the dictatorship. It is argued that the apparatus of the State was only partially successful at monitoring the content of works of literature. This historical contextualisation, drawing on archival and published material, is followed by a number of case-studies, first of three novels by John Steinbeck, and then of Americana, a famous anthology of American literature published during the Second World War. In her conclusion, the author draws attention to the failure of the regime to implement a watertight policy on translation, despite its desire to influence the way readers interpreted books.

‘But is it possible to live in such a motley setting?’ The modernist interior in Britain

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-120
Author(s):  
Daniel Moore
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
British Home ◽  
Second World

This chapter details the encounters between modernist art and design and the British home. Using a range of case studies – in particular the Omega Workshops, the Isokon building in Hampstead and the activities of the Design Industries Association and Council for Art in Industry – it explores the reception of modernist home design and decoration in Britain in the decades before the Second World War. In particular, it discusses the rise of modernist design and decoration institutions, and charts their development and organisation.

Chinese Residents of Burma as Refugees, Evacuees, and Returnees: The shared racial logic of territorialization in the regulation of wartime migration

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-492
Author(s):  
TINA MAI CHEN
Keyword(s):  
World Order ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
World War ◽  
Japanese Military ◽  
Second World ◽  
International Refugee Regime

AbstractThis article analyses how, at the time of the Japanese military expansion across Asia in the 1930s and 1940s, the category of ‘Burma Chinese’ and notions of ‘Chineseness’ acquired meaning through the movement across Chinese and Indian borders of residents of Burma identified as Chinese. Focusing on the terminology utilized by various reporting organizations to refer to evacuees, refugees or returnees, this article asks what we can learn from bureaucratic exchanges and practices of documentation about the wartime migration of Burma Chinese. I argue that a shared racial logic of territorialization operates across divergent sets of correspondence concerned with the repatriation of Burma Chinese to Burma. Multiple acts of iteration and practical implementation of categories naturalized this racial logic with respect to Burma Chinese in the latter half of the 1940s. Understanding how the work of repatriating Burma Chinese rested upon a shared racial logic is important because the regulation of Asian wartime migration was foundational to the emerging international refugee regime and post-Second World War world order.

Architecture, Memory, and the Archive

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Giannachi
Keyword(s):  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
World War ◽  
Embodied Simulation ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Second World

This Chapter draws on literature on memory and history to analyze how the archive operates as a memory laboratory facilitating the (re-)creation and transmission of different types of memories, from personal to collective, from primary to secondary. Drawing from literature on Embodied Simulation Theory, the Chapter also shows that archives can give us direct access to the world of others. Crucially, the Chapter shows that after the Second World War we have become increasingly aware of our roles as witnesses. A temporal framework based on literature drawn from anthropology, geography and human computer interaction on mapping and map-making is then used to facilitate the design of mixed reality environments. The case studies for this chapter include The Jewish Museum in Berlin; the archiving tool CloudPad; and the trail building tool Placeify.

scholarly journals Wives of Secret Agents: Spyscapes of the Second World War and Female Agency

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-207
Author(s):  
Claire Hubbard-Hall ◽  
Adrian O’Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Social History ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
World War ◽  
Female Agency ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Second World

Few existing archival records or secondary sources appear to narrate or describe the circumstances, relationships, and activities of “spy wives” during the Second World War. Intelligence historians currently find themselves at a turning point, where new approaches to the writing of intelligence history have been called for that transcend the study of operations and policy, while drawing when necessary upon the methodologies of such adjacent disciplines as social history and historical geoinformatics. It is therefore surely appropriate to conduct an examination of the hitherto neglected social phenomenon of female agency in the “spyscape” of wartime British and German covert operations. Through an examination of case studies of individual wives of intelligence operatives, constructed on the basis of information gathered from scattered primary and secondary sources, it is possible to assemble and analyse a wide, highly differentiated range of gender relationships at the intersection of the manifest and secret worlds.

scholarly journals “They Played it on Saturday Nights in a Barn”

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-127
Author(s):  
Tiina Männistö-Funk
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic System ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Source Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Grass Root ◽  
The One ◽  
Second World

This article studies rural gramophone use in Finland from the 1920s to the 1940s, based on source material of written memories related to the long Nordic tradition of folklore surveys. The characteristic rurality of the Finnish pre-war and war-time society offers an opportunity to study the non-urban appropriation of modern technology and to approach rural modernity as locally produced on the one hand, but crucial to the societal and cultural modernisation processes on the other. The article uses a practice theoretical approach and argues for an understanding of grass-root modernity as a dynamic system of practices combining old and new elements. By scrutinising the material elements, meanings and competencies linked together in rural gramophone practices, the article describes and analyses diverse forms of rural activity and innovativeness around the gramophone, peaking in the popular phenomenon of secret dances during the Second World War.

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