scholarly journals Síntesis endógena de ácidos grasos en la glándula mamaria y síndrome de baja grasa en la leche en ovejas = Endogenous synthesis of fatty acids in the mammary gland and milk fat depression in dairy ewes = Sintesi endogena di acidi grassi nella ghiandola mammaria e sindrome di scarso grasso nel latte di pecora

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Bichi Ruspoli Forteguerri
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Fat Depression ◽  
Dairy Ewes ◽  
Endogenous Synthesis

Independent effects of dietary linoleic and linolenic fatty acids on the conjugated linoleic acid content of cows’ milk

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L. Lock ◽  
P.C. Garnsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Low Linolenic Acid ◽  
Low Linolenic

AbstractIt may be desirable to increase the level of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk as a health benefit in human nutrition. The purpose of this work was to separate the effects of linoleic and linolenic acids on CLA production in dairy cows and to determine to what extent endogenous synthesis contributes to cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentration in milk fat. Eight lactating cows and four non-lactating duodenal fistulated cows were used in a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square design. All cows received a basal diet of grass silage that was supplemented with one of four concentrates, which were designed to differ in their linoleic and linolenic acid contents. The oil components of the concentrates were produced from mixtures of olive, linseed, rape, soya and sunflower oils to produce the four treatments: low linoleic/ low linolenic acid (LL), low linoleic/high linolenic acid (LH), high linoleic/low linolenic acid (HL) and high linoleic/ high linolenic acid (HH). Milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA contents were 0·8, 0·9, 0·9 and 1·1 g/100 g fatty acid methyl esters (P < 0·05) and yields were 5, 7, 7 and 8 g/day (P < 0·05) for the LL, LH, HL and HH treatments, respectively. The yields of trans-C18:1 fatty acids in milk were 19, 22, 21 and 23 g/day (P < 0·05), respectively. Taking the data for the cis-9, trans-11 CLA content and flow of duodenal fluid from the fistulated cows and representing this in terms of dietary intake by the lactating animals, the amounts of cis-9, trans-11 CLA produced in the rumen were calculated to be 0·8, 0·9, 1·2 and 1·1 g/day (P < 0·05) and for trans-C18:1 fatty acids 58, 58, 66 and 69 g/day (P < 0·05). Increasing linoleic and/or linolenic acids in the diet can increase the cis-9, trans-11 CLA content of cows’ milk. Only diets high in linoleic acid increased cis-9, trans-11 CLA production in the rumen. On all four diets, more than 80% of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk was produced endogenously by Δ9-desaturase from trans-11 C18:1 in the mammary gland. Cows on the same diet have different milk fat cis-9, trans-11 CLA concentrations that may be partially explained by differences in Δ9-desaturase activity between cows. Increasing the activity of Δ9-desaturase in the mammary gland may offer greater potential for enhancing the cis-9, trans-11 CLA content of milk fat than increasing cis-9, trans-11 CLA production in the rumen.

scholarly journals Kinetics of trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid transfer to plasma and milk following an abomasal bolus in lactating dairy cows

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie L. Urrutia ◽  
Monica Toledo ◽  
Michel Baldin ◽  
Jennifer L. Ford ◽  
Michael H. Green ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Fat Depression ◽  
Bolus Infusion ◽  
Bioactive Fatty Acids ◽  
Post Infusion ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Transfer To Milk

AbstractTrans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a potent bioactive fatty acids (FA) that causes milk fat depression in lactating animals. FA are transferred to milk directly through chylomicrons and indirectly by recycling through other tissues. The objective of this study was to characterise the kinetics of trans-10, cis-12 CLA transfer to plasma and milk after a single bolus infusion. Five multiparous mid-lactation cows received a single abomasal bolus infusion of an enriched CLA mixture providing 15 g of trans-10, cis-12 CLA and 15 g of cis-9, trans-11 CLA over a 30-min period. Plasma concentration of trans-10, cis-12 and cis-9, trans-11 CLA peaked 2 h post-bolus, reaching 0·29 and 0·38 % of total plasma FA, respectively, and returned to pre-bolus values at 72 h post-infusion. Milk trans-10, cis-12 CLA yield and concentration peaked 14 h post-bolus (0·25 g/h) and was not detectable in milk after 86 h. Total apparent transfer of trans-10, cis-12 CLA to milk was 41 %, with 73 % transferred to milk through the direct pool (chylomicrons) and the remaining 27 % transferred through the indirect pool (tissue recycling). Compartmental modelling revealed the existence of a transient unavailable pool of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in extravascular tissues represented primarily by the mammary gland, which slowly exchanges with an available pool for secretion in milk fat and transfer to milk. In conclusion, trans-10, cis-12 CLA is predominantly transferred to milk through the direct pathway; however, how this CLA isomer is processed within the mammary gland requires further investigation.

scholarly journals Determination of Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids in Ewe Milk Fat by GC-MS after Intravenous Administration of Sterculic Acid

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 901
Author(s):  
Veronica Lolli ◽  
Pablo G. Toral ◽  
Augusta Caligiani ◽  
Pilar Gómez-Cortés
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Sterculic Acid ◽  
Bioactive Lipids ◽  
Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids ◽  
Δ9 Desaturase ◽  
First Time ◽  
Endogenous Synthesis

Cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPEFA), found in oilseeds from Malvaceae and Sterculiaceae, have been shown to interfere with the endogenous synthesis of several bioactive lipids of dairy fat, such as cis-9, trans-11 18:2 and cis-9 18:1, by inhibiting Δ9-desaturase. No previous study has reported the presence of sterculic acid in animal fat and its incorporation in tissues after its administration, due to the lack of a proper methodology. In the present research, a GC-MS method based on cold base derivatization to fatty acids methylesters was developed to determine CPEFA in ewe milk triglycerides, after infusing sterculic acid (0.5 g/day) to six lactating ewes. An alternative derivatization based on silanyzation followed by GC-MS analysis was also tested, showing its possible applicability when CPEFA are present in the form of free fatty acids. Sterculic acid was detected in ewe milk triglycerides, demonstrating its incorporation from the bloodstream into milk by the mammary gland. The mean transfer rate represented 8.0 ± 1.0% of the daily dose. This study provides, for the first time, the presence of sterculic acid in milk fat, supporting the importance of understanding its occurrence in vivo and encouraging further research to determine whether it can be present in foods, such as dairy products, obtained under practical farming conditions.

Effect of feeding protected lipid to dairy cows in early lactation on the composition of blood lipoproteins and secretion of fatty acids in milk

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Storry ◽  
P. E. Brumby ◽  
B. Tuckley ◽  
V. A. Welch ◽  
D. Stead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Low Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Vldl Triglyceride

SummaryEffects of 0, 1·7, 3·3 or 5·0 kg/day of a protected soya bean – tallow supplement, incorporated into a hay:concentrate diet (25:75) and fed ad libitumto Friesian cows, on intake and digestion of fatty acids, on output of milk fatty acids and on blood lipoprotein composition were measured.Most of the increased intake of fatty acids, approximately 1 kg/day, was accounted for by increased intakes of C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1. At low intakes, amounts of all fatty acids apparently digested were linearly related to their respective intakes. At high intakes of C16 and C18 acids, curvilinear relationships were established.Yield of total milk fat was related positively to dietary intakes of total fatty acid and carbohydrate and negatively to live-weight change. Yields of short and intermediate chain acids in milk, synthesized within the mammary gland, were negatively correlated and yields of C18 fatty acids positively correlated with respective dietary intakes of these acids. Decreased proportions of C4–16 and increased proportions of C18:0 and C18:1 fatty acids in milk were associated with increased protected tallow in the diet. Yields of C16:1 and C18:1 were positively related to corresponding outputs of saturated acids and negatively to weeks of lactation. The proportion of C18:1 in milk was positively related to the corresponding proportion of C18:0.The increased intake of fatty acids resulted in increased concentrations of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL, d < 1·019 g/ml), low density lipoproteins (LDL1 + LDL2, 1·019 < d < 1·06 g/ml), high density lipoproteins (d > 1·060 g/ml) and serum free fatty acids. Most of the increase in low density lipoproteins was accounted for by a very large increase in LDL1, whose proportion increased from 17 to 75% (2 to 22% of total serum lipid). The proportion of triglyceride in the combined low density lipoprotein fraction decreased from 11 to 2% whilst phospholipids increased from 29 to 36%. These changes were attributed to the increased proportion of LDL1 present.The proportions of VLDL and LDL triglyceride taken up by the mammary gland averaged 0·79 and 0·34 respectively. The proportion of VLDL+LDL triglyceride taken up by the gland decreased with increased amounts of fatty acid digested. Yields of C18 fatty acids in milk tended to be positively related to apparent uptakes of VLDL triglyceride and to VLDL C18 fatty acids, but negatively related to apparent uptakes of LDL triglycerides and LDL C18 fatty acids. It is suggested that the increased LDL1 resulted from the utilization of VLDL triglyceride for milk fat formation.Protected lipid feeding increased the proportion of C14:0, C16:0 C16:1 and C18:1 and decreased the proportions of C14:1 and C18:0 fatty acids in jugular serum triglycerides. Similar changes were observed in jugular VLDL triglycerides. Differences in the compositions of VLDL and LDL triglycerides across the mammary gland were observed and attributed either to selective uptake or to interchange of fatty acids between triglycerides and free fatty acids.

scholarly journals Identification of circRNA-Associated-ceRNA Networks Involved in Milk Fat Metabolism under Heat Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 4162
Author(s):  
Dongyang Wang ◽  
Zujing Chen ◽  
Xiaona Zhuang ◽  
Junyi Luo ◽  
Ting Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Milk Quality

Summer temperatures are generally high in Southern China, and cows are likely to suffer a heat stress reaction. Heat stress will have a negative impact on the performance of dairy cows; however, the mechanism by which high temperature affects lactation is not clear. CircRNA is a type of non-coding RNA discovered in recent years, which performs a crucial function in many biological activities. However, the effects of circRNA on lactation function of dairy cows under heat stress is unknown. The present study aimed to explore the expression levels of circRNA in the mammary gland tissue of cows under heat stress. Firstly, we collected blood and milk samples of summer and winter cows and evaluated lactation performance using serum indicators, milk production, and milk composition. Incorporating the calculation of the temperature and humidity index, we conformed the heat stress status of cows in summer. Heat stress increased the concentration of HSP70 and decreased the concentration of SOD and PRL. Heat stress not only reduced milk yield but also affected milk quality, with milk lactose and milk protein decreasing with increased temperature. The analysis of the fatty acid composition in summer milk found significantly reduced concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, especially long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. Sequencing of the cow’s mammary gland transcriptome revealed that compared to the appropriate temperature (ST) group, the heat stress (HS) group had a total of 2204 upregulated and 3501 downregulated transcripts. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis showed that these genes were mainly related to milk fat metabolism. In addition, 19 upregulated and 19 downregulated circRNA candidates were found in response to heat stress. We used Pearson’s test to establish the correlation of circRNA-mRNA and identified four pairs of circRNA-miRNA networks between four circRNAs, six miRNAs, and the CD36 gene. In this study, we revealed the possible role of circRNAs in lactation of dairy cows and identified that circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks might exist in the cow’s mammary glands, providing valuable experience for dairy lactation and milk quality.

scholarly journals Does supplemental 18:0 alleviate fish oil-induced milk fat depression in dairy ewes?

2016 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 1133-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.G. Toral ◽  
G. Hervás ◽  
D. Carreño ◽  
P. Frutos
Keyword(s):  
Fish Oil ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Fat Depression ◽  
Dairy Ewes
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