Identification of circRNA-Associated-ceRNA Networks Involved in Milk Fat Metabolism under Heat Stress

Summer temperatures are generally high in Southern China, and cows are likely to suffer a heat stress reaction. Heat stress will have a negative impact on the performance of dairy cows; however, the mechanism by which high temperature affects lactation is not clear. CircRNA is a type of non-coding RNA discovered in recent years, which performs a crucial function in many biological activities. However, the effects of circRNA on lactation function of dairy cows under heat stress is unknown. The present study aimed to explore the expression levels of circRNA in the mammary gland tissue of cows under heat stress. Firstly, we collected blood and milk samples of summer and winter cows and evaluated lactation performance using serum indicators, milk production, and milk composition. Incorporating the calculation of the temperature and humidity index, we conformed the heat stress status of cows in summer. Heat stress increased the concentration of HSP70 and decreased the concentration of SOD and PRL. Heat stress not only reduced milk yield but also affected milk quality, with milk lactose and milk protein decreasing with increased temperature. The analysis of the fatty acid composition in summer milk found significantly reduced concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, especially long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. Sequencing of the cow’s mammary gland transcriptome revealed that compared to the appropriate temperature (ST) group, the heat stress (HS) group had a total of 2204 upregulated and 3501 downregulated transcripts. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis showed that these genes were mainly related to milk fat metabolism. In addition, 19 upregulated and 19 downregulated circRNA candidates were found in response to heat stress. We used Pearson’s test to establish the correlation of circRNA-mRNA and identified four pairs of circRNA-miRNA networks between four circRNAs, six miRNAs, and the CD36 gene. In this study, we revealed the possible role of circRNAs in lactation of dairy cows and identified that circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks might exist in the cow’s mammary glands, providing valuable experience for dairy lactation and milk quality.

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Δ9 -desaturase activity in the mammary gland of lactating dairy cows

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200008371 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2002 ◽

pp. 181-181

Author(s):

A.L. Lock ◽

P.C. Garnsworthy

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Mammary Gland ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Desaturase Activity ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

Δ9 Desaturase

The Δ9 -desaturase system (steroyl-CoA desaturase) involves the addition of a cis double bond between carbons 9 and 10 of fatty acids. The conversion of stearic acid (C18:0) to oleic acid (cis-9 C18:1) is the predominant precursor:product of this enzyme system; conversion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) to mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) is important in determining the fluidity of milk. In previous studies (Lock & Garnsworthy 2001), we have shown that more than 50% of the oleic acid occurring in milk is produced in the mammary gland via Δ9 -desaturase. We also found that the conversion of trans-11 C18:1 to cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) accounted for ~80% of milk fat CLA. Increasing the activity of Δ9 -desaturase offers the opportunity of increasing the MUFA content of milk, especially oleic acid, while decreasing its SFA content, as well as increasing the CLA content of milk. Lock & Garnsworthy, (2001) also reported that there were significant differences between individual cows with regard to milk fat CLA content. In an earlier study (Lock & Garnsworthy, 2000) we found that the CLA content of milk varied throughout the year, with highest values occurring when cows received fresh pasture. In view of the significant contribution of Δ9 -desaturase to the CLA and MUFA content of milk, the objective of the work reported here was to investigate individual animal and dietary variation in Δ9 -desaturase activity in the mammary gland of lactating dairy cows.

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Daytime Grazing in Mountainous Areas Increases Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Decreases Cortisol in the Milk of Holstein Dairy Cows

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11113122 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 3122

Author(s):

Jalil Ghassemi Nejad ◽

Bae-Hun Lee ◽

Ji-Yung Kim ◽

Kyung-Il Sung ◽

Hong-Gu Lee

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Control Group ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Mountainous Areas ◽

Lactating Cows

The effects of grazing lactating cows in mountainous areas for 12 and 24 h compared with the confined indoor system were evaluated by examining the overall milk fatty acid and cortisol. Twenty-one dairy cows were allocated to three treatment groups: (1) control (confined management system in a free-stall barn; TMR based), (2) grazing for 12 h (12hG; TMR plus grazing pasture), and (3) grazing for 24 h (24hG; pasture-based feeding system). Dry matter intake was higher in the control and 12hG groups than in the 24hG group. The yields of total milk and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk were the lowest in the 24hG group. Milk fat was the highest in the 24hG group and higher in 12hG compared with the control group. Milk protein and lactose levels were the highest in the 12hG group. The highest somatic cell count was observed in the 24hG group. The saturated fatty acid levels were higher in the control group compared with the 12hG and 24hG groups. There was no difference in overall mono-unsaturated fatty acids between 12hG and 24hG groups. Poly-unsaturated fatty acids were higher in the 12hG group compared with the control and 24hG groups. There was no difference in omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids among the groups, and omega-3 fatty acids were higher in the 12hG group than in the control group. Milk cortisol was the highest in the 24hG group and higher in the control group compared with the 12hG group. Taken together, grazing for 12 h is advisable for farms that have access to mountainous areas to improve the milk fatty acid profile and decrease the stress levels in high-yielding Holstein lactating cows.

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The Mode of Grass Supply to Dairy Cows Impacts on Fatty Acid and Antioxidant Profile of Milk

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9091256 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1256

Author(s):

Senén De La Torre-Santos ◽

Luis J. Royo ◽

Adela Martínez-Fernández ◽

Cristina Chocarro ◽

Fernando Vicente

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Major Influence ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Zero Grazing

The optimization of milk production includes a rational use of forages, respect for the environment and offers the best quality to consumers. Milk production based on grass and forages produces healthier milk and it is widely spread throughout the Atlantic arc to maximize milk yield per hectare. However, the mode of offering the grass can have a major influence on milk composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grass supply mode (grazing, zero-grazing or ensiling) on dairy cows’ performance, with particular reference to fatty acids and fat-soluble antioxidants concentration. A three by three Latin square experiment was performed with 18 dairy cows. Experimental treatments consisted of exclusive feeding with grass silage and zero-grazing, both offered ad libitum indoors, or grazing for 24 h. The results showed that grazing cows had a higher dry matter intake and greater milk yield than cows feeding on grass silage and zero-grazing, as well as higher concentrations of protein, lactose, nonfat-solids and urea in milk than housed cows. Milk fat from grazing cows had a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids than from cows feeding on grass silage and zero-grazing, with significant differences in the proportion of vaccenic and rumenic acids. The 18:1 trans-11 to 18:1 trans-10 ratio is proposed as biomarker to identify the milk produced from the management system of grazing cattle. Milk from grazing cows had a greater proportion of lutein than cows eating grass silage, with the zero-grazing system having intermediate values. In conclusion, the mode of grass supply affects fatty acid and antioxidant profiles of milk.

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Effect of feeding extruded flaxseed on milk quality of dairy cows

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah1103329b ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 329-334

Author(s):

G. Biagi ◽

M. Fustini ◽

G. Canestrari ◽

A. Palmonari ◽

N. Panciroli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Vaccenic Acid ◽

Milk Quality ◽

Adaptation Period ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Effect Of Feeding

Aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feeding dairy cows with extruded flaxseed (EF) on milk quality. After a 7-d adaptation period, 40 Holstein dairy cows in midlactation were divided in two experimental groups, based on parity, milk yield and composition, and days in milk. Animals were fed for 28 d a standard total mixed ration containing or not (control) 1.8 kg/cow/d of a supplement based on extruded flaxseed (EF). Milk yield was recorded daily and individual milk samples were collected weekly for analysis. Milk yield was not affected by treatment and averaged 26.2 kg/d throughout the study. Feeding EF reduced milk fat (3.95 vs. 4.24%; P=0.053) and tended to reduce milk protein (3.32 vs. 3.50%; P=0.104). The milk from cows fed EF contained more (P<0.01) stearic (12.0 vs. 7.8 mg/100 mg of fat), oleic (21.2 vs. 18.0 mg/100 mg of fat), ?-linolenic (0.85 vs. 0.41 mg/100 mg of fat) and vaccenic (1.43 vs. 0.62 mg/100 mg of fat) acids than control and also more c9,t11 CLA (0.91 vs. 0.59 mg/100 mg of fat). Conversely, compared with control, feeding EF reduced milk concentrations of palmitic acid (26.5 vs. 33.4 mg/100 mg of fat; P<0.01). The present results show that feeding EF to dairy cows is an efficient strategy to enrich milk in beneficial fatty acids such as vaccenic acid, CLA and omega-3 fatty acids. Nevertheless, the milk fat reducing effect of flaxseed as well as other sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids should be taken into account.

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Some effects of unsaturated oils given to dairy cows with rations of different roughage content

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s002202990001949x ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 363-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

J. W. G. Nicholson ◽

J. D. Sutton

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Fish Oils ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Dietary Oil ◽

Effect Of Feeding

SummaryThree experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feeding polyunsaturated fish oils to dairy cows receiving rations of high, medium or low roughage content. In the rumen, the decreases in the proportion of acetic acid and increases in propionic acid induced by the oils became greater as the amount of oil given was increased but the magnitude of the response to any dose depended upon the composition of the basal diet. The effects on volatile fatty acids (VFA) proportions of small amounts of the oils (125–150 ml/day) were greatest with the low-roughage rations. With large doses of oil (375–450 ml/day) the responses were variable but it is concluded that, in general, changes in VFA proportions are least with low-roughage rations.The fat content of milk was more sensitive to dietary oil supplementation than were the rumen VFA proportions. When the unsaturated oils were given there was a decrease in milk fat percentage and an increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the fat; there was also increased incorporation of fatty acids with more than 18 carbon atoms in the milk fat. The metabolism in the rumen tended to become adapted to the feeding of 150 ml/day of oil, the VFA pattern returning during the second and third week of supplementation to that observed before the addition of oil.

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Effects of dietary calcium soaps of unsaturated fatty acids on digestion, milk composition and physical properties of butter

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029996002075 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 181-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

FRANCIS ENJALBERT ◽

MARIE CLAUDE NICOT ◽

CORINE BAYOURTHE ◽

MICHELE VERNAY ◽

RAYMOND MONCOULON

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Control Diet ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Ruminal Biohydrogenation

Dairy cows fitted with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulas were utilized to investigate the effects of feeding with Ca soaps (CaS) of palm fatty acids (FA) and rapeseed FA. Diets compared were control diet based on maize silage and concentrate, and two diets with 40 g CaS of palm oil FA or rapeseed oil FA/kg diet, replacing part of the concentrates of the control diet. Total digestibilities of dry matter, fibre and fat, and ruminal fermentation were not significantly altered by giving CaS; the extent of ruminal biohydrogenation of total unsaturated C18 FA was significantly reduced by both CaS diets. Apparent intestinal digestibility of FA was not different among diets, although the amount of FA absorbed with the CaS diets was twice that with the control diet. No difference among diets was observed for milk production, or fat and protein contents. Giving CaS diets decreased the proportions of 4[ratio ]0 to 14[ratio ]0 FA in milk fat, and increased cis-18[ratio ]1n−9, compared with control diet. The rapeseed diet lowered the content of 16[ratio ]0, and increased the contents of 18[ratio ]0 and trans-18[ratio ]1n−7. CaS diets did not result in a marked increase of polyunsaturated FA content in milk fat. Butter from cows fed on the CaS diets contained more liquid fat at 6 and 14°C than butter from the cows fed on the control diet. Incorporating CaS, particularly those from rapeseed, in dairy cows' diets increased C18 FA in milk and improved butter spreadability.

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Effects of rapeseed and soybean oil dietary supplementation on bovine fat metabolism, fatty acid composition and cholesterol levels in milk

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s002202991300071x ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

pp. 120-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Christian Altenhofer ◽

Melanie Spornraft ◽

Hermine Kienberger ◽

Michael Rychlik ◽

Julia Herrmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fat Metabolism ◽

Fatty Acid Pattern ◽

Blood Cholesterol ◽

Control Group ◽

Cholesterol Levels

The main goal of this experiment was to study the effect of milk fat depression, induced by supplementing diet with plant oils, on the bovine fat metabolism, with special interest in cholesterol levels. For this purpose 39 cows were divided in three groups and fed different rations: a control group (C) without any oil supplementation and two groups with soybean oil (SO) or rapeseed oil (RO) added to the partial mixed ration (PMR). A decrease in milk fat percentage was observed in both oil feedings with a higher decrease of −1·14 % with SO than RO with −0·98 % compared with the physiological (−0·15 %) decline in the C group. There was no significant change in protein and lactose yield. The daily milk cholesterol yield was lower in both oil rations than in control ration, while the blood cholesterol level showed an opposite variation. The milk fatty acid pattern showed a highly significant decrease of over 10 % in the amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in both oil feedings and a highly significant increase in mono (MUFA) and poly (PUFA) unsaturated fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) included. The results of this experiment suggest that the feeding of oil supplements has a high impact on milk fat composition and its significance for human health, by decreasing fats with a potentially negative effect (SFA and cholesterol) while simultaneously increasing others with positive (MUFA, PUFA, CLA).

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Effect of dietary unsaturated fatty acids in various forms on the de novo synthesis of fatty acids in the bovine mammary gland

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900026789 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 179-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

William Banks ◽

John L. Clapperton ◽

Anne K. Girdler

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Mammary Gland ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

De Novo ◽

Bovine Mammary Gland ◽

De Novo Synthesis ◽

Polyunsaturated Acids ◽

Soya Oil

SummaryFree and protected soya oil and soya oil fatty acids were included in the rations of dairy cows and from outputs in the milk of 18:1 trans and of polyunsaturated acids conditions in the rumen have been deduced. Similarly, the content of citrate in the milk has been used to evaluate changes occurring in the synthesis of fatty acids in the mammary gland.

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Nutrients balances and milk fatty acid profile of mid lactation dairy cows supplemented with unsaturated fatty acid

Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal ◽

10.1590/s1519-99402013000200007 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 322-335

Author(s):

Jose Esler de Freitas Júnior ◽

Francisco Palma Rennó ◽

Jefferson Rodrigues Gandra ◽

Luciana Navajás Rennó ◽

Gustavo Henrique Rodrigues ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Energetic Efficiency ◽

Milk Fatty Acid

The objective was to evaluate the effect of unsaturated fatty acid sources supplementation on nutrients balances and milk fatty acid profile of mid lactation dairy cows. Twelve Brazilian Holstein cows in the mid lactation (mean of 128 days) and (580 ± 20kg of weight; mean ± SD) with milk yield of 25kg/d were assigned randomly into three 4 x 4 Latin square, fed the following diets: control (C); refined soybean oil; (SO); whole soybean raw (WS) and; calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids (CSFA). Milk yield was 26.6; 26.4; 24.1 and 25.7 to the diets CO, SO, WS and CSFA respectively. Cows fed the WS treatment produced less milk (1.95kg/d of milk), fat and lactose than did cows fed the SO and CSFA. Cows fed the CSFA treatment showed less blood, urine (g/d) concentrations of N more energetic efficiency and intake of energy than did cows fed the SO treatment. Cows fed the unsaturated fatty acids sources showed more C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-C18:1 FA concentration in milk than did cows fed the CO treatment. Diets with whole soybeans and soybeans oil provide more efficient digestive processes, and increase milk composition of unsaturated fatty acids.

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