scholarly journals SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUSES AND 21ST CENTURY PANDEMIC: AN OVERVIEW OF FUNCTIONAL RECEPTORS AND CHALLENGE OF THERAPEUTIC SUCCESS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Spl-1-SARS-CoV-2) ◽  
pp. S87-S102
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sarfaraz Iqbal ◽  
◽  
Nimra Sardar ◽  
Wajiha Akmal ◽  
Ali Moazzam Qadri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Cell Array ◽  
Therapeutic Success ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Sudden prevalence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has badly impeded and collapsed the emerging global trend of economic development by its ongoing pandemic. The novel coronavirus also named severe acute respiratory syndrome virus – 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the disease COVID-19 that influences the health management of humans and the world commerce badly. It has affected the human social lives and education in underdeveloped countries and severely impeded industries, organizations, agriculture, etc. Three perceptible types of SARS-CoV-2 strains have been discovered. Each of them has specific receptors, and some of them are common in SARS and SARS-CoV-2. Among them, the ACE2 receptor is believed to be the central receptor of human infectious coronaviruses. It supports mainly to get access, enter into the cell, and causes the basic infection. Similarly, TMPRSS2 is also acting as a portal for a virus to get an approach to the cell and does not support metabolic processes like replication virus. ADAM17, which is a member of disintegrins and metalloproteases and is responsible for cell to cell and cell-array interconnections. These receptors can be important for prevention, vaccine development, and therapies. Several therapies in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients have been tried and suggested. Plasma and stem cell therapy reduce the severity of infection at certain levels in individual patients. In this review, we make an effort to cover all of the said aspects of COVID-19 in a very compressive and brief way. Finally, we shed light on vaccination and therapeutic approaches like plasma therapy and stem therapy and their future perspective with the whole discussion conclusion.

Therapeutic Measures for the Novel Coronavirus: A Review of Current Status and Future Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Darvish ◽  
Mahshid Shahverdi
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Central China ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

: The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly pathogenic and transmissible viral disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China and spread quickly around the world. The genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is phylogenetically related to batderived severe acute respiratory syndrome-like (SARS-like) coronaviruses, therefore bats could be the possible primary reservoirs. At present, there are no clinically approved vaccines or specific antiviral drugs for COVID-19. However, several broad-spectrum antiviral drugs have been evaluated against COVID-19 in clinical studies and resulted in the improvement of patients. In this regard, other therapies such as antiviral drugs, antibodies, stem cells and plasma therapy are being studied. In the current study, we reviewed the emergence, pathogenicity and the genome structure of COVID-19 infection. The main focus of this study is on the therapeutic approaches that may be effective against SARS-CoV-2.

The insights of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current understanding, research and therapeutic updates

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dudala Sai Sushma ◽  
Varun Jaiswal ◽  
Arvind Verma ◽  
Asha Sharma ◽  
Tarun Pal
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Biological Drugs ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Public Repositories ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Patented Inventions

Background: Humans can be infected with various coronaviruses that cause serious illness and death. One such pandemic strain of coronavirus was recently identified in December 2019 and lead to a devastating outbreak in Wuhan city of China. It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is highly contagious which causes symptoms such as fever, cough and shortness of breath. Objective: The objective of this review is to highlight the current understanding, research and therapeutic updates of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: A thorough literature search was conducted for research papers and patents in context to COVID-19. All articles with respect to this subject was taken from various public repositories such as Google Scholar, Pubmed, ScienceDirect (Elsevier), Springer, Web of Science, etc. Results: The present analysis showed that key areas of the inventions were the vaccines and diagnostic kits apart from the composition for the treatment of CoV. It was also observed that no specific vaccine treatments are available for the treatment of 2019-nCov; however, developing novel chemical or biological drugs and kits for early diagnosis, prevention, and disease management is the primary governing topic among the patented inventions. The present study also indicates potential research opportunities for the future, particularly to combat 2019-nCoV. The current focus of the researches has turned towards developing four potential treatments including development of candidate vaccine, development of novel potential drugs, repurposing of existing drugs and development of convalescent plasma therapy. The PCR based diagnosis is the gold standard for the COVID-19 testing but it require resource time, expertise and high associated cost hence the researchers are also developing different diagnosis methods for the COVID-19. Although vaccines are being developed by various companies and have passed the pre-clinical stages but still there exists no guarantee for these to become the effective vaccine. The current treatments which are being used for COVID-19 patients are not well established and have limited success. Conclusion: The pandemic has challenged the medical, economic and public health infrastructure across globe. There is urgent need to explore all available and possible methods/approaches to study this disease for drug and vaccine development at the earliest.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication by Small Interfering RNAs in Mammalian Cells

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (14) ◽  
pp. 7523-7527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Wang ◽  
Lili Ren ◽  
Xingang Zhao ◽  
Tao Hung ◽  
Anming Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Cytopathic Effects ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

ABSTRACT Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an acute respiratory infectious disease that spread worldwide in early 2003. The cause was determined as a novel coronavirus (CoV), SARS-associated CoV (SARS-CoV), with a single-stranded, plus-sense RNA. To date, no effective specific treatment has been identified. To exploit the possibility of using RNA interference as a therapeutic approach to fight the disease, plasmid-mediated small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were generated to target the SARS-CoV genome. The expression of siRNAs from two plasmids, which specifically target the viral RNA polymerase, effectively blocked the cytopathic effects of SARS-CoV on Vero cells. These two plasmids also inhibited viral replication as shown by titer assays and by an examination of viral RNA and protein levels. Thus, our results demonstrated the feasibility of developing siRNAs as effective anti-SARS drugs.

scholarly journals A Review Article on Vaccine Development and Therapeutics Approach Against SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-138
Author(s):  
Ankush Yadav ◽  
Shubhangi Singh ◽  
Vivek Srivastava ◽  
Namrata Bardhan ◽  
Saloni Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) unleashed an unprecedented and unanticipated pandemic, causing widespread concern. More than three million deaths have been documented since the first incidence of COVID-19 discovered in China. Several arduous efforts have been made by the governments of various countries worldwide to prevent and control the SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review article discusses an update on all kinds of therapeutic interventions currently applied or developed to treat SARS-CoV-2 condition, including the repurposing of drugs such as Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Ivermectin, etc. We also discuss CRISPR’s potential involvement in antiviral therapy, convalescent plasma therapy, and immunomodulators in combination to tackle the cytokine storms and present a comprehensive overview on many vaccines that have been created to date or are under trials, as well as their platforms and efficacy. Moreover, this article also discusses the mechanism of action of every therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals The prevention and treatment of Covid-19 and related development during pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin-Kun Wang ◽  
Yuan-Ti Lee ◽  
Chao-Bin Yeh ◽  
Chi-Ho Chan
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Antibody Therapy ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Epidemic Spread ◽  
Antibody Treatment ◽  
Related Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Effective Drugs

When the outbreak of human novel coronavirus was first reported in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019, the epidemic spread rapidly around the world and finally became a pandemic in 2020. In order to seek effective drugs to treat the Covid-19 infected patients for emergent use and for the disease prevention, researchers examined numerous existed antiviral drugs that may have the potential for Covid-19 treatment. At the same time, antibody treatment and vaccines development were ongoing simultaneously. The aim of this review is to introduce antibody therapy, vaccine development and potential antiviral treatments on Covid-19 and to discuss the future perspective on the Covid-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Strategies of COVID-19: from Natural Compounds to Vaccine Trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8318-8373
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Vaccine Trials ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that caused a global epidemic named COVID-19. This disease continues to kill thousands of people around the world. Physiopathological studies showed that different organs such as lungs, brain, kidneys, immune system, and heart are affected directly and/or indirectly by this disease. With the absence of a vaccine, several treatments have been proposed, including old antiviral drugs, synthetic pharmacophores, and natural antiviral bioactive compounds. These molecules presented promising results with specific action on the virus. Moreover, other strategies are underway, such as the use of monoclonal antibodies, cell therapy, plasma therapy, and vaccine trials. In this work, we highlight the therapeutic strategies of COVID-19 natural compounds to vaccine trials.

scholarly journals Timeline of COVID-19 and its therapeutics in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-04
Author(s):  
Pankaj Bansal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Therapeutic Trials ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Poor Efficacy

The novel coronavirus was first discovered and reported in December 2019. Later termed the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COv-2) virus, rapid spread was detected in China. Overtime, SARS-COv-2 spread to various other countries requiring swift intervention on a global scale. As infection spread, several therapeutics have been investigated for Coronavirus Disease- 2019 (COVID-19), including remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, dexamethasone, etc. Furthermore, rapid investigation and construction of several potential vaccines have begun, some of which are in late stage testing. We present a concise timeline representing the evolution of COVID-19, therapeutic trials, and vaccine development. Ultimately, evident by the overall poor efficacy of several medications investigated so far, vaccination success remains the most likely effective step to combat COVID-19.

scholarly journals Cryo-electron microscopy structure of the SADS-CoV spike glycoprotein provides insights into an evolution of unique coronavirus spike proteins

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongxin Guan ◽  
Youwang Wang ◽  
Abdullah F.U.H. Saeed ◽  
Jinyu Li ◽  
Syed Sajid Jan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Spike Glycoprotein ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractThe current outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by a novel betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has aroused great public health concern. Coronavirus has a history of causing epidemics in human and animals. In 2017 an outbreak in piglets by a novel coronavirus was emerged designated as swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) which is originated from the same genus of horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus) as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) having a broad species tropism. In addition to human cells, it can also infect cell lines from diverse species. Coronavirus host range is determined by its spike glycoprotein (S). Given the importance of S protein in viral entry to cells and host immune responses, here we report the cryo-EM structure of the SADS-CoV S in the prefusion conformation at a resolution of 3.55 Å. Our study reveals that SADS-CoV S structure takes an intra-subunit quaternary packing mode where the NTD and CTD from the same subunit pack together by facing each other. The comparison of NTD and CTD with that of the other four genera suggests the evolutionary process of the SADS-CoV S. Moreover, SADS-CoV S has several characteristic structural features, such as more compact architecture of S trimer, and masking of epitopes by glycan shielding, which may facilitate viral immune evasion. These data provide new insights into the evolutionary relationships of SADS-CoV S and would extend our understanding of structural and functional diversity, which will facilitate to vaccine development.

scholarly journals Progress and Prospects on Vaccine Development against SARS-CoV-2

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyong Zhang ◽  
Hao Zeng ◽  
Jiang Gu ◽  
Haibo Li ◽  
Lixin Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Efficacy Evaluation ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control

In December 2019, the outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to a serious pandemic in China and other countries worldwide. So far, more than 460,000 confirmed cases were diagnosed in nearly 190 countries, causing globally over 20,000 deaths. Currently, the epidemic is still spreading and there is no effective means to prevent the infection. Vaccines are proved to be the most effective and economical means to prevent and control infectious diseases. Several countries, companies, and institutions announced their programs and progress on vaccine development against the virus. While most of the vaccines are under design and preparation, there are some that have entered efficacy evaluation in animals and initial clinical trials. This review mainly focused on the progress and our prospects on field of vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2.

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