scholarly journals Cryo-electron microscopy structure of the SADS-CoV spike glycoprotein provides insights into an evolution of unique coronavirus spike proteins

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongxin Guan ◽  
Youwang Wang ◽  
Abdullah F.U.H. Saeed ◽  
Jinyu Li ◽  
Syed Sajid Jan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Spike Glycoprotein ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractThe current outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by a novel betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has aroused great public health concern. Coronavirus has a history of causing epidemics in human and animals. In 2017 an outbreak in piglets by a novel coronavirus was emerged designated as swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) which is originated from the same genus of horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus) as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) having a broad species tropism. In addition to human cells, it can also infect cell lines from diverse species. Coronavirus host range is determined by its spike glycoprotein (S). Given the importance of S protein in viral entry to cells and host immune responses, here we report the cryo-EM structure of the SADS-CoV S in the prefusion conformation at a resolution of 3.55 Å. Our study reveals that SADS-CoV S structure takes an intra-subunit quaternary packing mode where the NTD and CTD from the same subunit pack together by facing each other. The comparison of NTD and CTD with that of the other four genera suggests the evolutionary process of the SADS-CoV S. Moreover, SADS-CoV S has several characteristic structural features, such as more compact architecture of S trimer, and masking of epitopes by glycan shielding, which may facilitate viral immune evasion. These data provide new insights into the evolutionary relationships of SADS-CoV S and would extend our understanding of structural and functional diversity, which will facilitate to vaccine development.

scholarly journals Respiratory Care in Corona

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 613-620
Author(s):  
Mustafa Amdani, Dr. Swaroopa Chakole
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Respiratory Care ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND The expanse of the coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19 is huge. The impact is multispectral and affected almost all aspects of human life. SUMMARY Respiratory impact of the COVID-19 is the most felt and widely reported impact. As the novel coronavirus maintained its history of affecting lungs as seen previously in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. Ventilators and oxygen support system are required mostly in comorbid patients particularly amongpatientsbearing illnesses like asthma, bronchial impairment and so on. CONCLUSION More study needs to be done in order to assess the impact on the respiratory functioning of the body. Respiratory care must be including proper instruments so that more efficient result can be obtained. Research is needed to promote the invention of specific therapy for targeted action for respiratory functioning improvement.

scholarly journals Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry

2004 ◽  
Vol 101 (12) ◽  
pp. 4240-4245 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Simmons ◽  
J. D. Reeves ◽  
A. J. Rennekamp ◽  
S. M. Amberg ◽  
A. J. Piefer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Spike Glycoprotein

scholarly journals Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Specific Memory B cells to Delineate Long-Term COVID-19 Immunity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantin Thieme ◽  
Mohamed Abou-el-Enein ◽  
Enrico Fritsche ◽  
Moritz Anft ◽  
Sarah Skrzypczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Specific Memory ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Standard Flow Cytometry ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, represents a serious worldwide health concern. A deeper understanding of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 will be required to refine vaccine development and efficacy as well as to evaluate long-term immunity in convalescent patients. With this in mind, we investigated the formation of SARS-CoV-2 specific BMEMORY cells from patient blood samples. Methods: A standard flow cytometry-based protocol for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific B cells was applied using fluorochrome-coupled SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) full-length protein. Cohorts of 26 central European convalescent mild/moderate COVID-19 patients and 14 healthy donors were assessed for the levels of SARS-CoV-2 S- specific BMEMORY cells. Results: Overall B cell composition was not affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection in convalescent patients. Our analysis of SARS-CoV-2 specific BMEMORY cells in samples collected at different time points revealed that S-protein specific B cells remain in peripheral blood at least up to 6 months after COVID-19 diagnosis. Conclusions: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific BMEMORY cells may improve our understanding of the long-term adaptive immunity in response to SARS-CoV-2, allowing for an improved public health response and vaccine development during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further validation of the study in larger and more diverse populations and a more extended observation period will be required.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Extracellular Vesicles: An Intriguing Interplay

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-670
Author(s):  
Gabriella Pocsfalvi ◽  
Ramila Mammadova ◽  
Ana Paulina Ramos Juarez ◽  
Ramesh Bokka ◽  
Francesco Trepiccione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Cargo Delivery ◽  
The Many ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome β-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to become a long-lasting global health crisis. The number of people infected with the novel coronavirus has surpassed 22 million globally, resulting in over 700,000 deaths with more than 15 million people having recovered (https://covid19.who.int). Enormous efforts are underway for rapid vaccine and treatment developments. Amongst the many ways of tackling the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging. Summary: EVs are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures secreted from all types of cells, including those lining the respiratory tract. They have established roles in lung immunity and are involved in the pathogenesis of various lung diseases, including viral infection. In this review, we point out the roles and possible contribution of EVs in viral infections, as well as ongoing EV-based approaches for the treatment of COVID-19, including clinical trials. Key Messages: EVs share structural similarities to viruses and recent findings demonstrate that viruses exploit EVs for cellular exit and EVs exploit viral entry mechanisms for cargo delivery. Moreover, EV-virus interplay could be exploited for future antiviral drug and vaccine development. EV-based therapies, especially the mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs, are being intensively studied for the treatment of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Structural impact on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by D614G substitution

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. eabf2303
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Yongfei Cai ◽  
Tianshu Xiao ◽  
Jianming Lu ◽  
Hanqin Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Structural Rearrangements ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Structural Impact

Substitution for aspartic acid by glycine at position 614 in the spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 appears to facilitate rapid viral spread. The G614 strain and its recent variants are now the dominant circulating forms. We report here cryo-EM structures of a full-length G614 S trimer, which adopts three distinct prefusion conformations differing primarily by the position of one receptor-binding domain. A loop disordered in the D614 S trimer wedges between domains within a protomer in the G614 spike. This added interaction appears to prevent premature dissociation of the G614 trimer, effectively increasing the number of functional spikes and enhancing infectivity, and to modulate structural rearrangements for membrane fusion. These findings extend our understanding of viral entry and suggest an improved immunogen for vaccine development.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a real-time RT-PCR panel for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in bat guano

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872199033
Author(s):  
Eman Anis ◽  
Greg Turner ◽  
Julie C. Ellis ◽  
Andrew Di Salvo ◽  
Amanda Barnard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Natural Reservoir ◽  
Rehabilitation Facilities ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Bat Guano

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is an ongoing global health concern. The exact source of the virus has not been identified, but it is believed that this novel coronavirus originated in animals; bats in particular have been implicated as the primary reservoir of the virus. SARS-CoV-2 can also be transmitted from humans to other animals, including tigers, cats, and mink. Consequently, infected people who work directly with bats could transfer the virus to a wild North American bat, resulting in a new natural reservoir for the virus, and lead to new outbreaks of human disease. We evaluated a reverse-transcription real-time PCR panel for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in bat guano. We found the panel to be highly specific for SARS-CoV-2, and able to detect the virus in bat guano samples spiked with SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA. Our panel could be utilized by wildlife agencies to test bats in rehabilitation facilities prior to their release to the wild, minimizing the risk of spreading this virus to wild bat populations.

scholarly journals COVID-19: A natural phenomena or laboratory-based origin?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanila Shahzad ◽  
Md Talat Nasim
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Viral Reservoirs ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Insight Into

The novel coronavirus, otherwise known as COVID-19 has fast become a major health concern. The current pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV‐ 2) is the third coronavirus outbreak, following severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses. Since the initial cases of a pneumonia of unknown aetiology, which was later identified as COVID-19 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, there has been much debate and speculation regarding the origins of this novel virus. This review aims to provide an insight into the origin of SARS-CoV-2 by reflecting on genomic data gathered thus far. Identifying the origins of SARS-CoV-2 can lead to better understanding of hidden viral reservoirs that may exist and pose a threat to society as well as allow greater understanding of the mechanisms by which these viruses have successfully achieved cross species transmission. Greater knowledge in regard to this can lead to the development of strategies which can aid in preventing future outbreaks of this scale. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.19(0) 2020 p. p. S 85-S 87

scholarly journals SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUSES AND 21ST CENTURY PANDEMIC: AN OVERVIEW OF FUNCTIONAL RECEPTORS AND CHALLENGE OF THERAPEUTIC SUCCESS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Spl-1-SARS-CoV-2) ◽  
pp. S87-S102
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sarfaraz Iqbal ◽  
◽  
Nimra Sardar ◽  
Wajiha Akmal ◽  
Ali Moazzam Qadri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Cell Array ◽  
Therapeutic Success ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Sudden prevalence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has badly impeded and collapsed the emerging global trend of economic development by its ongoing pandemic. The novel coronavirus also named severe acute respiratory syndrome virus – 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the disease COVID-19 that influences the health management of humans and the world commerce badly. It has affected the human social lives and education in underdeveloped countries and severely impeded industries, organizations, agriculture, etc. Three perceptible types of SARS-CoV-2 strains have been discovered. Each of them has specific receptors, and some of them are common in SARS and SARS-CoV-2. Among them, the ACE2 receptor is believed to be the central receptor of human infectious coronaviruses. It supports mainly to get access, enter into the cell, and causes the basic infection. Similarly, TMPRSS2 is also acting as a portal for a virus to get an approach to the cell and does not support metabolic processes like replication virus. ADAM17, which is a member of disintegrins and metalloproteases and is responsible for cell to cell and cell-array interconnections. These receptors can be important for prevention, vaccine development, and therapies. Several therapies in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients have been tried and suggested. Plasma and stem cell therapy reduce the severity of infection at certain levels in individual patients. In this review, we make an effort to cover all of the said aspects of COVID-19 in a very compressive and brief way. Finally, we shed light on vaccination and therapeutic approaches like plasma therapy and stem therapy and their future perspective with the whole discussion conclusion.

scholarly journals Hunting for the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Ancestor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Flores-Alanis ◽  
Luisa Sandner-Miranda ◽  
Gabriela Delgado ◽  
Alejandro Cravioto ◽  
Rosario Morales-Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Basic Function ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Spike Glycoprotein ◽  
S Protein ◽  
Parental Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Objective: In December 2019 a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that is causing the current COVID-19 pandemic was identified in Wuhan, China. Many questions have been raised about its origin and adaptation to humans. In the present work we performed a genetic analysis of the Spike glycoprotein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 and other related coronaviruses (CoVs) isolated from different hosts in order to trace the evolutionary history of this protein and the adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 to humans.Results: Based on the sequence analysis of the S gene, we suggest that the origin of SARS-CoV-2 is the result of recombination events between bat and pangolin CoVs. The hybrid SARS-CoV-2 ancestor jumped to humans and has been maintained by natural selection. Although the S protein of RaTG13 bat CoV has a high nucleotide identity with the S protein of SARS-CoV-2, the phylogenetic tree and the haplotype network suggest a non-direct parental relationship between these CoVs. Moreover, it is likely that the basic function of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of S protein was acquired by the SARS-CoV-2 from the MP789 pangolin CoV by recombination and it has been highly conserved.

Diabetes and COVID-19: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 376-379
Author(s):  
Diksha Agrawal ◽  
Priyanka Jaiswal ◽  
Barkha Goyanka
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Minor Illness ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
A Minor

Diabetes is considered as one of the main comorbidities linked to the severity of respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. For people living with diabetes, even a minor illness can lead to dangerously high blood sugar levels. This may cause life-threatening complications, such as diabetic ketoacidosis or a hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state. Literature has been found that 20–50% affected patients of COVID-19 pandemic are diabetic. Diabetic patients are highly affected due to increased viral entry into the cell, decrease immunity. Here are several hypotheses to explain the increased incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection in people with diabetes. Several cytokines are liberated in diabetics which can play a more deleterious role in Covid-19 infection. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV2, coronavirus pandemic highlights the importance of understanding shared disease pathophysiology, potentially informing therapeutic choices in individuals with Type 2 diabetes. Thus, knowledge about the potential mechanisms in between diabetes & the novel coronavirus is of utmost importance To managed diabetes, and individuals need to face challenges in the current trends in this pandemic crisis. For oral health professional, the management of diabetes should follow the protocol for the treatment of individuals with diabetes. This review illustrates the mechanisms by which diabetes modulates the host-viral interaction, host-immune responses and guidelines to manage during an illness.

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