scholarly journals Timeline of COVID-19 and its therapeutics in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-04
Author(s):  
Pankaj Bansal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Therapeutic Trials ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Poor Efficacy

The novel coronavirus was first discovered and reported in December 2019. Later termed the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COv-2) virus, rapid spread was detected in China. Overtime, SARS-COv-2 spread to various other countries requiring swift intervention on a global scale. As infection spread, several therapeutics have been investigated for Coronavirus Disease- 2019 (COVID-19), including remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, dexamethasone, etc. Furthermore, rapid investigation and construction of several potential vaccines have begun, some of which are in late stage testing. We present a concise timeline representing the evolution of COVID-19, therapeutic trials, and vaccine development. Ultimately, evident by the overall poor efficacy of several medications investigated so far, vaccination success remains the most likely effective step to combat COVID-19.

scholarly journals Political Ideology and the Outbreak of COVID-19 in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

At the state level within the United States, did political ideology predict the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19)? Throughout March 2020, the United States became the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic, recording the most cases of any country worldwide. The current research found that, at the state level within the United States, more conservative political ideology predicted delayed implementation of stay-at-home orders and more rapid spread of COVID-19. Effects were significant across two distinct operationalizations of political ideology and held over and above relevant covariates, suggesting a potentially unique role of political ideology in the United States’ COVID-19 outbreak. Considering political ideological factors may offer valuable insights into epidemiological processes surrounding COVID-19.

SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) Current Pharmacotherapy for Mother and Infant

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-182
Author(s):  
Jim Thigpen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Effective Treatments

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), appeared in the United States over 1 year ago. This virus has a wide range of presentations, from being asymptomatic to causing severe acute respiratory syndrome, which can lead to death. It has led to a worldwide effort to find effective treatments, from repurposed medications to new discoveries, as well as the push to develop effective vaccines. As the race to fight this pandemic unfolds, this column provides what is currently available to combat this virus, how it has been utilized in the pregnant population, and what data have been made available about how these treatments affect fetal development and the neonate.

scholarly journals Novel Coronavirus, Old Partisanship: COVID-19 Attitudes and Behaviours in the United States and Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Pickup ◽  
Dominik Stecula ◽  
Clifton van der Linden
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Response ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Us ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
American Case ◽  
Conservative Media ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus reached the United States and Canada almost at the same time. The first reported American case was January 20, 2020, and in Canada it was January 15, 2020 (Canada, 2020; Holshue et al., 2020). Yet, the response to this crisis has been different in the two countries. In the US, President Donald Trump, prominent Republicans, and conservative media initially dismissed the dangers of COVID-19 (Stecula, 2020). The pandemic became politicized from the early days, and even though Trump and Republicans have walked back many of their initial claims, there continue to be media reports of partisan differences in public opinion shaped by that early response. At the same time, the response in Canada has been mostly characterized by across-the-board partisan consensus among political elites (Merkley et al., 2020).

Who Counts? Old Age in COVID Times

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-757
Author(s):  
Jane F. Thrailkill
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Congregate Care ◽  
Structural Inequalities

Abstract People over sixty-five have been singled out as a uniquely vulnerable risk group for the novel coronavirus. Yet the discourse of risk obscures (and exacerbates) socially created dangers of congregate care in the United States: poorly paid workers holding down multiple jobs and the endemic “plagues” of loneliness, boredom, and hopelessness. Humorous memes about who counts as old point out structural inequalities, while millions of able-bodied “shut-ins” (due to lockdowns and job losses) may experience forced empathy: fuel for new imaginings about how to care for—and value—elders moving forward.

scholarly journals Protective Immunity against COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjali Priyadarshini ◽  
Archana Gupta ◽  
Manoj Kumar Yadav ◽  
Arpana Vibhuti ◽  
Ramendra Pati Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Target Effects

Tuberculosis and Covid-19 infection measure two quite different diseases- TB is caused by a sort of bacterium whereas Covid-19 is caused by a virus. However, the BCG immunizing agent would possibly facilitate individuals build immune responses to things aside from TB, inflicting "off-target effects," In different words, in run format, individuals started learning positive in obtaining the immunizing agent that had nothing to try and do with TB, several studies showed however the BCG immunizing agent affects individuals with kind one although the precise mechanism for these off-target effects of the BCG immunizing agent is not clear, it's believed that the immunizing agent will cause a nonspecific boost of the reaction. There is presently no immunizing agent or treatments approved by the United States of America Food and Drug Administration for the novel coronavirus. BCG is usually innocuous with the most facet impact the event of inflammation at the positioning of injection. Supported by these observations BCG so emerges as a possible candidate for the development of innate and adjustive reactions which can be non-specifically taking care of mycobacterium and different infectious agents against that vaccine remains not on the market.

scholarly journals The role of race and scientific trust on support for COVID-19 social distancing measures in the United States

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254127
Author(s):  
Sara Kazemian ◽  
Sam Fuller ◽  
Carlos Algara
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Institutional Trust ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Media ◽  
Racial Lines ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Pundits and academics across disciplines note that the human toll brought forth by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States (U.S.) is fundamentally unequal for communities of color. Standing literature on public health posits that one of the chief predictors of racial disparity in health outcomes is a lack of institutional trust among minority communities. Furthermore, in our own county-level analysis from the U.S., we find that counties with higher percentages of Black and Hispanic residents have had vastly higher cumulative deaths from COVID-19. In light of this standing literature and our own analysis, it is critical to better understand how to mitigate or prevent these unequal outcomes for any future pandemic or public health emergency. Therefore, we assess the claim that raising institutional trust, primarily scientific trust, is key to mitigating these racial inequities. Leveraging a new, pre-pandemic measure of scientific trust, we find that trust in science, unlike trust in politicians or the media, significantly raises support for COVID-19 social distancing policies across racial lines. Our findings suggest that increasing scientific trust is essential to garnering support for public health policies that lessen the severity of the current, and potentially a future, pandemic.

scholarly journals The impact of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on drug overdose-related deaths in the United States and Canada: a systematic review of observational studies and analysis of public health surveillance data

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameer Imtiaz ◽  
Frishta Nafeh ◽  
Cayley Russell ◽  
Farihah Ali ◽  
Tara Elton-Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Drug Overdose ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Public Health Surveillance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background There are preliminary indications that the trajectory of drug overdose-related deaths in North America has been exacerbated due to the novel coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19). As such, the impact of COVID-19 on drug overdose-related deaths was examined through a systematic review of the literature and percentage change analyses of surveillance data. Methods Systematic searches in electronic databases were conducted, a topical issue brief and bibliography were reviewed, reference lists of included studies were searched and expert consultations were held to identify studies (Registration # CRD42021230223). Observational studies from the United States and Canada were eligible for inclusion if drug overdose-related deaths were assessed in quantitative or qualitative analyses onwards from at least March 2020. In addition, percentage changes comparing drug overdose-related deaths in the second annual quarter (Q2 2020 [April to June]) with the first annual quarter (Q1 2020 [January to March]) were generated using national and subnational data from public health surveillance systems and reports from jurisdictions in the United States and Canada. Results Nine studies were included in the systematic review, eight from the United States and one from Canada. The maximum outcome assessment period in the included studies extended until September 2020. Drug overdose-related deaths after the onset of COVID-19 were higher compared with the months leading up to the pandemic in 2020 and the comparative months in 2019. In additional percentage change analyses, drug overdose-related deaths increased by 2 to 60% in jurisdictions in the United States and by 58% in Canada when comparing Q2 2020 with Q1 2020. Conclusions Drug overdose-related deaths increased after the onset of COVID-19. The current situation necessitates a multi-pronged approach, encompassing expanded access to substance use disorder treatment, undisrupted access to harm reduction services, emphasis on risk reduction strategies, provision of a safe drug supply and decriminalization of drug use.

scholarly journals International Travel is Not a Significant Risk of Exposure for Patients at a Midwestern United States Travel Clinic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Patel ◽  
Hans House
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Travel ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Western Pacific ◽  
Travel Clinic

Abstract The Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was introduced into the United States via travel from Asia and Europe, although the extent of the spread of the disease was limited in the early days of the pandemic. Consequently, international travel may have played a role in the transmission of the disease into Iowa. This study seeks to determine how preferences for international travel changed as novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) spread throughout the world and if any of these returning travelers developed COVID-19 as a result of their trips. This is a retrospective chart review of patients presenting to a travel clinic in Bettendorf, Iowa for pre-travel advice and vaccinations. From October 2019 to March 2020, four hundred twelve (n=412) patients presented to the clinic. Intended travel to the Western Pacific region (China, Japan, Korea, etc.) decreased dramatically during the study period. All 412 patients were followed in the electronic medical record for the period after their planned travel and only three (3) presented for COVID-19 testing. Two (2) tested positive, and both of these infections were linked to workplace exposures and not due to travel. News of the growing pandemic and travel warnings likely altered patients’ travel plans and decreased travel to the most affected regions of the world in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on our study, travel was not a significant source of COVID-19 exposure for patients seen at this clinic.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Frequency of the Available Human Coronavirus Genomes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashfaq Ahmad ◽  
Sidra Majaz ◽  
Faisal Nouroz
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spatial Diversity ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Background. A novel, human-infecting coronavirus causing CoVID-19 was first identified in Wuhan, China in late December, 2019. Within a short span of time more the virus has recorded more than 1 million deaths world-wide. This study is designed to address the overall evolutionary process of the novel Coronavirus complete genomes. Addressing the complexity and huge population size, network-based approaches are used in mapping samples to their reported locations. Results. Total of 473 complete human-coronavirus genomes representing 20 different countries are studied including 17 states from the United States and samples collected from the Cruise-diamond princess. The phylodynamic network of global-scale is classified into five clusters contained two clusters U1 and U2 of the USA samples. Cluster B is a shared cluster of China and the USA while A and C are of diverse nature. We found that Chinese samples aggregated in cluster A and B which aided in retaining the homogeneous viral genomic pool. In contrast, samples from the USA and Spain were split into distinct clusters indicating multiple port entries and a possibility in implying a delay in quarantine measures. Among the samples from the USA, we found that sequences reported from Washington and Virginia are scattered indicating evolutionary diversity.Conclusion. This report provides insight into the transmission pattern of CoV2 which is complicated to evaluate exclusively through conventional surveillance means. Our data not only identify the transmission network but also suggest that the severity of the disease is linked to the spatial diversity of infection.

scholarly journals Review the safety of Covid-19 mRNA vaccines: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratibha Anand ◽  
Vincent P. Stahel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Safety And Efficacy

AbstractThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected more than 100 million people globally within the first year of the pandemic. With a death toll surpassing 500,000 in the United States alone, containing the pandemic is predicated on achieving herd immunity on a global scale. This implies that at least 70-80 % of the population must achieve active immunity against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), either as a result of a previous COVID-19 infection or by vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. In December 2020, the first two vaccines were approved by the FDA through emergency use authorization in the United States. These vaccines are based on the mRNA vaccine platform and were developed by Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna. Published safety and efficacy trials reported high efficacy rates of 94-95 % after two interval doses, in conjunction with limited side effects and a low rate of adverse reactions. The rapid pace of vaccine development and the uncertainty of potential long-term adverse effects raised some level of hesitation against mRNA vaccines in the global community. A successful vaccination campaign is contingent on widespread access to the vaccine under appropriate storage conditions, deployment of a sufficient number of vaccinators, and the willingness of the population to be vaccinated. Thus, it is important to clarify the objective data related to vaccine safety, including known side effects and potential adverse reactions. The present review was designed to provide an update on the current state of science related to the safety and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document