scholarly journals Bias in Homeopathy: Technical Note

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Salvatore Chirumbolo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
High Dilution ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Nature ◽  
High Dilutions ◽  
Species Being

Homeopathy is fundamentally based on the assumption that a biological activity is borne by a chemical system made by a molecular solute within a solvent that is diluted and mechanically stressed an undefined number of times and then reaches a zero point where molecules disappear and the solvent is the only chemical species being left. With the exception of an author who recently stated “We have been working in this field for over 20 years [35], and are thus perfectly aware of the issues related to the “plausibility” of high-dilution pharmacology, particularly when using dilutions beyond Avogadro’s constant”, yet no evidence was reported to date about the real nature of homeopathic high dilutions.

King William and the Brecc Bennach in 1211: reliquary or holy banner?

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Good Reason ◽  
National Museum ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Nature

In his Rhind Lectures of 1879 Joseph Anderson argued for identifying the Monymusk Reliquary, now in the National Museum of Scotland, with the Brecc Bennach, something whose custody was granted to Arbroath abbey by King William in 1211. In 2001 David H. Caldwell called this into question with good reason. Part of the argument relied on different interpretations of the word uexillum, ‘banner’, taken for a portable shrine by William Reeves and for a reliquary used as battle-standard by Anderson. It is argued here that none of this is relevant to the question. The Brecc Bennach is called a banner only as a guess at its long-forgotten nature in two late deeds. The word brecc, however, is used in the name of an extant reliquary, Brecc Máedóc, and Anderson was correct to think this provided a clue to the real nature of the Brecc Bennach. It was almost certainly a small portable reliquary, of unknown provenance but associated with St Columba. The king granted custody to the monks of Arbroath at a time when he was facing a rebellion in Ross, posing intriguing questions about his intentions towards this old Gaelic object of veneration.

Determination of Complex Reaction Mechanisms

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ross ◽  
Igor Schreiber ◽  
Marcel O. Vlad
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Reaction Mechanisms ◽  
Reaction Pathway ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Complex Reaction ◽  
Oscillatory Reactions

In a chemical system with many chemical species several questions can be asked: what species react with other species: in what temporal order: and with what results? These questions have been asked for over one hundred years about simple and complex chemical systems, and the answers constitute the macroscopic reaction mechanism. In Determination of Complex Reaction Mechanisms authors John Ross, Igor Schreiber, and Marcel Vlad present several systematic approaches for obtaining information on the causal connectivity of chemical species, on correlations of chemical species, on the reaction pathway, and on the reaction mechanism. Basic pulse theory is demonstrated and tested in an experiment on glycolysis. In a second approach, measurements on time series of concentrations are used to construct correlation functions and a theory is developed which shows that from these functions information may be inferred on the reaction pathway, the reaction mechanism, and the centers of control in that mechanism. A third approach is based on application of genetic algorithm methods to the study of the evolutionary development of a reaction mechanism, to the attainment given goals in a mechanism, and to the determination of a reaction mechanism and rate coefficients by comparison with experiment. Responses of non-linear systems to pulses or other perturbations are analyzed, and mechanisms of oscillatory reactions are presented in detail. The concluding chapters give an introduction to bioinformatics and statistical methods for determining reaction mechanisms.

“The Real Nature and Spirit of Our Lives”

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Porterfield
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Labor Unions ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Fourteenth Amendment ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Nature ◽  
Republican Liberty ◽  
The U.S

Proponents of social evolution blurred boundaries between commerce and Christianity after the Civil War, championing Christian work as a means to economic growth, republican liberty, and national prosperity. Meanwhile, workers invoked Christ to condemn patronizing attitudes toward labor, and by organizing labor unions to hold capitalists accountable to Pauline ideals of social membership. Influenced by organic theories of social organization that traced modern corporations to medieval institutions, U.S. courts began recognizing corporations as natural persons protected by rights guaranteed in the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which had originally be crafted to protect the rights of African Americans.

scholarly journals Advances in the Multi-Orthogonal Folding of Single Polymer Chains into Single-Chain Nanoparticles

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Agustín Blazquez-Martín ◽  
Ester Verde-Sesto ◽  
Angel J. Moreno ◽  
Arantxa Arbe ◽  
Juan Colmenero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
High Dilution ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Covalent Interactions ◽  
Individual Polymer

The folding of certain proteins (e.g., enzymes) into perfectly defined 3D conformations via multi-orthogonal interactions is critical to their function. Concerning synthetic polymers chains, the “folding” of individual polymer chains at high dilution via intra-chain interactions leads to so-called single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs). This review article describes the advances carried out in recent years in the folding of single polymer chains into discrete SCNPs via multi-orthogonal interactions using different reactive chemical species where intra-chain bonding only occurs between groups of the same species. First, we summarize results from computer simulations of multi-orthogonally folded SCNPs. Next, we comprehensively review multi-orthogonally folded SCNPs synthesized via either non-covalent bonds or covalent interactions. Finally, we conclude by summarizing recent research about multi-orthogonally folded SCNPs prepared through both reversible (dynamic) and permanent bonds.

The Real Nature of Pragmatism and Chicago Sociology

1983 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Rochberg-Halton
Keyword(s):  
The Real ◽  
Real Nature

Therapeutic possibilities of Bothrops jararaca in high dilution

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (36) ◽  
pp. 215-217
Author(s):  
Eduardo Costa Gaia Nazareth ◽  
Francisco José De Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Complement C3 ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
High Dilution ◽  
Complement Components ◽  
Physical Description ◽  
Bothrops Jararaca ◽  
High Dilutions ◽  
The Many ◽  
Therapeutic Possibilities

Introduction: The knowledge and use of the venom of Bothrops jararaca in high dilutions is still quite limited. One of the important properties is the use of one of its components, bradykinin, for the development of antihypertensive medication known as captopril. Other situations, such as clinical, local and systemic should receive more depth to the composition of Materia Medica related to various medical actions on the man and mammals in general. The systemic action of the bite of this snake, includes hemostasis disorders, culminating as bleeding gums, in addition to sweating, hypertension, and hypothermia. The action includes local pain and swelling with bruising, bleeding and often blistering and tissue necrosis. The action on the immune system, through action on the complement C3 and other complement components may show its possible use in cases of bacterial infections, including mycobacteria, as presented in the study of 1970 Vanessa Birdsey, "Interactions of poisons toxic with the addition, "the journal of Immunology 1971. Today, this poison has a toxicology published by Anibal Melgarejo, "Venomous Animals of Brazil", 2003, which subsidizes the development of study for its use in high dilutions, and a comprehensive study of the biology of the animal itself. Published studies on biomolecular analysis add more details about the relations of the poison and mammals. All these characteristics suggest the use of poison as a homeopathic remedy. Objective: To investigate the therapeutic possibilities in high dilutions of the venom of the snake Bothrops jararaca, expanding its clinical use. Methodology: Methodological description of this poison in contemporary bases including: Origin, physical description chemistry, toxicology, pharmacology and medicine in preparation of high dilution, general action, specific actions on systems or organs, sensations, modalities, concomitants, etiological indications relations main clinics. Results: Defining the therapeutic indications such as modulation of the complement system, action on the cardiovascular system, among other uses, by Bothrops jararaca in high dilution. Conclusion: This evaluation can be used for different sources of products and allows the rational use of Bothrops jararaca in high dilution. The results can and should be complemented by clinical studies and pathogenetic. Bacterial infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy, and autoimmune disease LES and may receive treatment studies with the drug based on Bothrops jararaca snake venom because they are indirectly associated with them via similarity of the failure of complement, an important marker for bacterial the defense of mammals. Action on clinical aspects like hypertension, sweating, hypothermia and necrosis shall be seen. Perhaps the search for the stimulation of complement show a new pathway for the harmonization, long-predicted by Hahnemann, Hering and searched for among the many that followed the creator of this therapy.

Judge and Doctor

1887 ◽  
Vol 32 (140) ◽  
pp. 526-529
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Golden Rule ◽  
Home Office ◽  
Common Object ◽  
The Real ◽  
Medical Opinion ◽  
Real Nature ◽  
The Law ◽  
Answering Questions ◽  
General Appearance

We venture to think that there was recently a considerable rapprochement between the judicial and the medical mode of viewing certain criminal acts. Friendly intercourse between judges and mental physicians has had the beneficial effect of opening the eyes of some of the former to the real nature of crimes committed by the insane, while very possibly the latter have derived benefit from the free intercommunication of ideas in regard to a just judgment of matters upon which lawyers and physicians must at bottom have a common object—simple justice. We are sure that no judge really wishes an irresponsible man to be punished, and it is very certain no medical man wishes the guilty criminal to escape the penalties of the law. There are occasions, however, when we think that judges are somewhat unduly disposed to set aside the evidence of medical men, and not only to lay down the law, but to go out of their way to influence the jury in a direction contrary to that of the medical opinion given in evidence. As an example of judicial discourtesy we might instance the petulant language of Baron Huddleston in the course of a trial at the Devon and Cornwall Assizes last November, in which he seemed to us to forget the golden rule in his brusque treatment of a medical witness. And, again, the same judge more recently acted in a way which has somewhat rudely shaken the hope and belief above expressed, and made us fear that our judges may sometimes “indifferently minister justice” in the least favourable construction of that phrase. At the Winchester assizes, in November, a young man (Russell) was charged before Baron Huddleston with murdering his grandmother. Among other witnesses, Dr. J. G. Symes, for thirty years Superintendent of the Dorset County Asylum, who had examined the prisoner by desire of the Home Office, alleged that he was of low intellect, from his mode of answering questions and his general appearance. He appeared indifferent to his position and to the act he had committed. He did not display any excitement or delusions during the interview, and appeared to know right from wrong, but, in his report to the Treasury, Dr. Symes stated that at the time of the murder he was, in his belief, of unsound mind, an opinion the judge would not allow him to express in Court. The prisoner had had fits. In his summing up, the judge animadverted upon the evidence of medical men, and he thought it proper to assert that they usurped the functions of a jury in getting into the witness-box to show their knowledge and ventilate their own fancies and theories without being able to give the reasons on which they based their conclusions. Happily, the jury, while finding the prisoner guilty of murder, strongly recommended him to mercy on account of weak intellect, and he has heen reprieved.

scholarly journals Technical Note: Implementation of prescribed (OFFLEM), calculated (ONLEM), and pseudo-emissions (TNUDGE) of chemical species in the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy)

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 5485-5504
Author(s):  
A. Kerkweg ◽  
R. Sander ◽  
H. Tost ◽  
P. Jöckel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Species ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
Specific Emissions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Community Modeling

Abstract. We present the submodels OFFLEM, ONLEM, and TNUDGE for the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy). Prescribed emissions from input files are handled by OFFLEM. ONLEM deals with online-calculated emissions, i.e., emissions that are calculated during the simulation. The submodel TNUDGE uses the ''tracer nudging'' technique for pseudo-sources and -sinks. For species with highly uncertain emission fluxes and/or with sufficiently long lifetimes, e.g., CH4, it is common to create such pseudo-fluxes by prescribing the observed mixing ratio of the species at a given boundary (e.g., the mixing ratio of methane at the surface, or the ozone mixing ratio at the tropopause). All three submodels substantially simplify the inclusion of emissions into a model. Specific emissions can easily be switched on or off. New prescribed emissions can be included without rewriting any code. New online emissions only require one additional subroutine containing the new parameterization. A major advantage is that input fields at arbitrary resolution can be used. The problem of incompatible grids between emission data and model is overcome by utilizing the MESSy data import interface. To further simplify the creation of new offline emission data, the preprocessing program EDGAR2NC is provided. EDGAR2NC transforms files from the EDGAR format into the netCDF format which is required by OFFLEM. The presented routines are a part of the community modeling project MESSy and can be made available for use to the atmospheric modeling community.

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