scholarly journals Technical Note: Implementation of prescribed (OFFLEM), calculated (ONLEM), and pseudo-emissions (TNUDGE) of chemical species in the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy)

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 5485-5504
Author(s):  
A. Kerkweg ◽  
R. Sander ◽  
H. Tost ◽  
P. Jöckel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Species ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
Specific Emissions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Community Modeling

Abstract. We present the submodels OFFLEM, ONLEM, and TNUDGE for the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy). Prescribed emissions from input files are handled by OFFLEM. ONLEM deals with online-calculated emissions, i.e., emissions that are calculated during the simulation. The submodel TNUDGE uses the ''tracer nudging'' technique for pseudo-sources and -sinks. For species with highly uncertain emission fluxes and/or with sufficiently long lifetimes, e.g., CH4, it is common to create such pseudo-fluxes by prescribing the observed mixing ratio of the species at a given boundary (e.g., the mixing ratio of methane at the surface, or the ozone mixing ratio at the tropopause). All three submodels substantially simplify the inclusion of emissions into a model. Specific emissions can easily be switched on or off. New prescribed emissions can be included without rewriting any code. New online emissions only require one additional subroutine containing the new parameterization. A major advantage is that input fields at arbitrary resolution can be used. The problem of incompatible grids between emission data and model is overcome by utilizing the MESSy data import interface. To further simplify the creation of new offline emission data, the preprocessing program EDGAR2NC is provided. EDGAR2NC transforms files from the EDGAR format into the netCDF format which is required by OFFLEM. The presented routines are a part of the community modeling project MESSy and can be made available for use to the atmospheric modeling community.

scholarly journals Technical note: Implementation of prescribed (OFFLEM), calculated (ONLEM), and pseudo-emissions (TNUDGE) of chemical species in the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy)

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 3603-3609 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kerkweg ◽  
R. Sander ◽  
H. Tost ◽  
P. Jöckel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Species ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
Specific Emissions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Community Modeling

Abstract. We present the submodels OFFLEM, ONLEM, and TNUDGE for the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy). Prescribed emissions from input files are handled by OFFLEM. ONLEM deals with online-calculated emissions, i.e., emissions that are calculated during the simulation. The submodel TNUDGE uses the "tracer nudging" technique for pseudo-sources and -sinks. For species with highly uncertain emission fluxes and/or with sufficiently long lifetimes, e.g., CH4, it is common to create such pseudo-fluxes by prescribing the observed mixing ratio of the species at a given boundary (e.g., the mixing ratio of methane at the surface, or the ozone mixing ratio at the tropopause). All three submodels substantially simplify the inclusion of emissions into a model. Specific emissions can easily be switched on or off. New prescribed emissions can be included without rewriting any code. New online emissions only require one additional subroutine containing the new parameterization. A major advantage is that input fields at arbitrary resolution can be used. The problem of incompatible grids between emission data and model is overcome by utilizing the MESSy data import interface. To further simplify the creation of new offline emission data, the preprocessing program EDGAR2NC is provided. EDGAR2NC transforms files from the EDGAR format into the netCDF format which is required by OFFLEM. The presented routines are a part of the community modeling project MESSy and can be made available for use to the atmospheric modeling community.

Identifying foreign firms and South African multinational enterprises: CIT-IRP5 panel v4.0

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kilumelume ◽  
Hayley Reynolds ◽  
Amina Ebrahim
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Foreign Ownership ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Foreign Firms ◽  
The Creation

The identification of foreign firms and South African multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the CIT-IRP5 panel has proved to be a challenge for many researchers. The CIT-IRP5 panel contains variables indicating different thresholds that determine foreign ownership. The dataset also has variables that researchers can use to identify South African MNEs. Using the approaches employed by researchers who have attempted to identify foreign firms and South African MNEs in the data, four foreign firms and MNE indicators have been added to the CIT-IRP5 panel v4.0. This technical note documents the approach followed in the creation of each indicator. This note also highlights the possible company classifications in the data and fields on the ITR14 form that can be used to identify these classifications.

scholarly journals Aerosol distribution over Europe: a model evaluation study with detailed aerosol microphysics

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1591-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Langmann ◽  
S. Varghese ◽  
E. Marmer ◽  
E. Vignati ◽  
J. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Elevated Ozone ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This paper summarizes an evaluation of model simulations with a regional scale atmospheric climate-chemistry/aerosol model called REMOTE, which has been extended by a microphysical aerosol module. Model results over Europe are presented and compared with available measurements in surface air focusing on the European distribution and variability of primary and secondary aerosols. Additionally, model results obtained with detailed aerosol microphysics are compared to those based on an aerosol bulk mass approach revealing the impact of dry deposition fluxes on atmospheric burden concentration. An improved determination of elevated ozone and sulfate concentrations could be achieved by considering a diurnal cycle in the anthropogenic emission fluxes. Deviation between modelled and measured organic carbon concentrations can be mainly explained by missing formation of secondary organic aerosols and deficiencies in emission data. Changing residential heating practices in Europe, where the use of wood is no longer restricted to rural areas, need to be considered in emission inventories as well as vegetation fire emissions which present a dominant source of organic carbon.

scholarly journals Bias in Homeopathy: Technical Note

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Salvatore Chirumbolo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
High Dilution ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Nature ◽  
High Dilutions ◽  
Species Being

Homeopathy is fundamentally based on the assumption that a biological activity is borne by a chemical system made by a molecular solute within a solvent that is diluted and mechanically stressed an undefined number of times and then reaches a zero point where molecules disappear and the solvent is the only chemical species being left. With the exception of an author who recently stated “We have been working in this field for over 20 years [35], and are thus perfectly aware of the issues related to the “plausibility” of high-dilution pharmacology, particularly when using dilutions beyond Avogadro’s constant”, yet no evidence was reported to date about the real nature of homeopathic high dilutions.

Technical Note

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Schimmelpfennig
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
The South ◽  
Economic Surplus ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Additional Support

In 1898, two railways serving the south-east of England agreed to be managed by a joint committee. This paper finds clear statistical evidence of the negative impact this had on total economic costs, including opportunity costs of capital, as well as working expenditure. Thus, additional support was provided for the then British railway policy already strongly suspicious of railway mergers on competition grounds. At the same time the findings could reopen the discussion on the wisdom of today’s British rail privatisation philosophy. In particular, one could argue that, instead of separating infrastructure and train operations, the creation of vertically-integrated regional duopolies along the pre-1899 networks might lead to genuine competition, require less regulation, reduce costs, and thus increase economic surplus.

scholarly journals Jupiter's Radiation Belts and Upper Atmosphere

1974 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 375-383
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Degioanni ◽  
John R. Dickel
Keyword(s):  
Radio Emission ◽  
Radiation Belts ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Isotropic Distribution ◽  
Relativistic Particles ◽  
Flat Distribution

Models of Jupiter's radiation belts have been constructed to determine the distribution of particles and their energies which will produce the observed decimetric radio emission. Data on the spectrum and the variation of emission with Jovian longitude have been used to show that the relativistic particles have a nearly isotropic distribution with high energies (of order 100 MeV) within 2 Jovian radii and a very flat distribution in the equatorial plane of low energy particles further out in the magnetosphere.Subtraction of the emission predicted by this model from the total radio emission shows that the thermal contribution in the frequency range between 3000 and 10000 MHz is somewhat less than had been previously expected. (The brightness temperature of the planetary disk is 180 K at 3000 MHz, for example.) This suggests that the ammonia mixing ratio in Jupiter's upper atmosphere may be as high as 0.002.

scholarly journals Chemodiversity of a Scots pine stand and implications for terpene air concentrations

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 689-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bäck ◽  
J. Aalto ◽  
M. Henriksson ◽  
H. Hakola ◽  
Q. He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Intermediate Group ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Seed Origin ◽  
Atmospheric Concentrations ◽  
Air Concentrations

Abstract. Atmospheric chemistry in background areas is strongly influenced by natural vegetation. Coniferous forests are known to produce large quantities of volatile vapors, especially terpenes. These compounds are reactive in the atmosphere, and contribute to the formation and growth of atmospheric new particles. Our aim was to analyze the variability of mono- and sesquiterpene emissions between Scots pine trees, in order to clarify the potential errors caused by using emission data obtained from only a few trees in atmospheric chemistry models. We also aimed at testing if stand history and seed origin has an influence on the chemotypic diversity. The inherited, chemotypic variability in mono- and sesquiterpene emission was studied in a seemingly homogeneous 48 yr-old stand in Southern Finland, where two areas differing in their stand regeneration history could be distinguished. Sampling was conducted in August 2009. Terpene concentrations in the air had been measured at the same site for seven years prior to branch sampling for chemotypes. Two main compounds, α-pinene and Δ3-carene formed together 40–97% of the monoterpene proportions in both the branch emissions and in the air concentrations. The data showed a bimodal distribution in emission composition, in particular in Δ3-carene emission within the studied population. 10% of the trees emitted mainly α-pinene and no Δ3-carene at all, whereas 20% of the trees where characterized as high Δ3-carene emitters (Δ3-carene forming >80% of total emitted monoterpene spectrum). An intermediate group of trees emitted equal amounts of both α-pinene and Δ3-carene. The emission pattern of trees at the area established using seeding as the artificial regeneration method differed from the naturally regenerated or planted trees, being mainly high Δ3-carene emitters. Some differences were also seen in e.g. camphene and limonene emissions between chemotypes, but sesquiterpene emissions did not differ significantly between trees. The atmospheric concentrations at the site were found to reflect the species and/or chemodiversity rather than the emissions measured from any single tree, and were strongly dominated by α-pinene. We also tested the effect of chemodiversity on modeled monoterpene concentrations at the site and found out that since it significantly influences the distributions and hence the chemical reactions in the atmosphere, it should be taken into account in atmospheric modeling.

scholarly journals Technical note—modified above-knee socket to relieve anterior pressure caused by abdominal hernia

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-49
Author(s):  
C. P. U. Stewart ◽  
R. Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Female Patient ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Abdominal Hernia ◽  
Large Radius ◽  
Pressure Relief ◽  
Simple Modification ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Conventional Methods

The plastic quadrilateral socket has a high anterior brim which can cause considerable discomfort in some patients, especially when seated. A simple modification to the anterior brim is described allowing a female patient with a huge abdominal hemia a considerable degree of comfort when both sitting and standing. The creation of a large radius producing a wide area for adequate pressure relief proved valuable. This might be considered for patients with less pendulous abdomens who find conventional methods inadequate.

Variation and Control of Small Gasoline Engine Emissions Performance in the Plateau Region

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 2022-2025
Author(s):  
Chong Shang Li ◽  
Sheng Ji Liu ◽  
Jian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Plateau Region ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
Emission Regulations ◽  
Air Intake ◽  
Specific Emissions ◽  
And Control

When small gasoline engines using carburettor are operated in the plateau region, the air intake and fuel supply have different decrease with the altitude increase, and the mixture thicken and the emissions increase. Take outboard marine gasoline engine F15 as an example, the quantitative relationship comparing engines operated on the plateau region to on the plain in same mixing ratio are shown, which includes the power, specific fuel consumption, and CO, HC, NOx specific emissions. And fuel system correction methods are come out to meet EPA emission regulations in different altitudes.

Simulating the global transport of nitrogen oxides emissions from aircraft

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 394-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sausen ◽  
I. Köhler
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Global Transport ◽  
Atmosphere General Circulation Model ◽  
Zonal Asymmetry ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. With the atmosphere general circulation model ECHAM the passive transport of NOx emitted from global subsonic air traffic and the NOx concentration change due to these emissions are investigated. The source of NOx is prescribed according to an aircraft emission data base. The sink of NOx is parameterized as an exponential decay process with globally constant lifetime. Simulations in perpetual January and July modes are performed. Both the resulting mean and the standard deviation of the NOx mass mixing ratio are analysed. In January horizontal dispersion is more pronounced and vertical mixing is smaller than in July. In both cases the resulting quasi-stationary fields of the mass mixing ratio display a pronounced zonal asymmetry. The variability accounts up to 30% of the mean field.

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