Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its association with controlled and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus in northern Andhra Pradesh population: a retrospective study

Background: The two important endocrinopathies, diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction are interrelated to each other where the correlation is poorly understood. The thyroid dysfunction is more frequent in diabetics than general population. The present study was aimed to know the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its association with controlled and uncontrolled T2DM.Methods: A retrospective study of 600 T2DM patients between 13-60 years of age with known thyroid status were included and the following parameters were examined: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1C, free triiodothyronine (fT3), free tetraiodothyronine (fT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).Results: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in T2DM patients was found to be 26.5% whereas 9% in healthy controls. Significantly elevated levels of FBS, HbA1C and TSH were observed whereas the levels of fT3, fT4 were found to be low in patients when compared to controls. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in diabetics (both controlled and uncontrolled) was more prevalent (15%) than it was found in healthy controls (5%). Similarly, overt hypothyroidism was also found to be high in diabetic patients (6%) as compared to healthy controls (2%). Significant difference (p <0.05) in the levels of TSH was found between group I (Controlled T2DM) and II (uncontrolled T2DM patients), also between groups II and III (Controls). Group II patients were found to have significant low levels of fT3 as compared to other two groups (Group I and III) (p<0.005).Conclusions: As SCH is more frequent in T2DM diabetes mellitus and untreated SCH patients have higher rate of complications, periodical screening is advised for thyroid dysfunction to prevent micro vascular and cardiovascular complications.

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Relationship between homocysteine and non-dipper pattern in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia ◽

10.1590/s0004-27302012000500002 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

pp. 285-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Serdal Korkmaz ◽

Abdulkerim Yilmaz ◽

Gürsel Yildiz ◽

Fatih Kiliçli ◽

Serhat Içağasioğlu

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Control Group ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Nocturnal Blood Pressure ◽

Type 2 Dm ◽

Significant Difference

OBJECTIVE: The rate of reduction of nocturnal blood pressure (NBP) is lesser than normal in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHC) disrupts vascular structure and function, no matter the underlying causes. The risk of development of vascular disease is greater in diabetic patients with hyperhomocysteinemia than in patients with normal homocystein levels. The aim of the study was to investigate whether there are differences of homocystein levels in dipper and non-dippers patients with type 2 DM. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We compared 50 patients (33 females, 17 males) with type 2 DM and 35 healthy individuals (18 females, 17 males ) in a control group. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed and homocysteine levels were measured in all patients. RESULTS: We found that the percentage of non-dipper pattern was 72% in patients with type 2 DM and 57% in control group. In diabetic and control individuals, homocystein levels were higher in non-dipper (respectively 13.4 ± 8.1 µmol/L and 11.8 ± 5 µmol/L) than in dipper subjects (respectively, 11.8 ± 5.8 µmol/L and 10.1 ± 4.2 µmol/L), but there was no significant difference between the two groups (respectively, p = 0.545, p = 0.294). CONCLUSION: In both groups, homocystein levels were higher in non-dipper than in dipper participants, but there was no significant difference between the groups. High homocystein levels and the non-dipper pattern increases cardiovascular risk. Therefore, the relationship between nocturnal blood pressure changes and homocystein levels should be investigated in a larger study.

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Evaluation of thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetic patients

Asian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/ajms.v6i3.10814 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 33-37

Author(s):

Pranav Kumar Raghuwanshi ◽

Devendra Pratap Singh Rajput ◽

Bhupendra Kumar Ratre ◽

Roopesh Jain ◽

Narmada Patel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Subclinical Hyperthyroidism ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a very common endocrinal disorders and incidence of thyroid dysfunction also rising in India and world over. Thyroid hormones directly control insulin secretion and insulin clearance. Diabetes also may affect the thyroid function to variable extent first at the level of hypothalamic control of TSH release and second at peripheral tissue by converting T4 to T3. Aims and Objectives: The present study was carried out aiming to evaluate thyroid dysfunction among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Material and Methods: Study included total 80 subjects. Thyroid dysfunction was evaluated by investigating the subjects for Total tri-iodo-thyronine (T3), Total thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Plasma glucose was estimated by- GOD-POD method and Thyroid profile was estimated by- CLIA (chemiluminescence immunoassay) system. Statistical analysis was performed using software statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20, unpaired T test, Pearson’s correlation. Results: In type 2 diabetic patients the prevalence of hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism was found to be 4(10.00%) and 6(15.00%) respectively, while the prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism and hyperthyroidism was found to be 0(0.0%) and 1(2.5%) respectively. In non diabetic healthy subjects the prevalence of hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism was found to be 1(2.5%) and 3(7.5%) respectively while the prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism and hyperthyroidism was found to be 0(0.0%) and 0(0.0%) respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was found to be higher in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects as compared to non-diabetic subjects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i3.10814Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(3) 2015 33-37

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The Impact of COVID-19 on Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension: A Retrospective Study

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i43b32526 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 68-77

Author(s):

S. Pavithra ◽

S. Lavanya ◽

P. Vaishnavi ◽

A. Rakesh Rosario ◽

Priyadharshini A ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Hypertensive Patients ◽

Study Population ◽

The Impact

COVID-19 is a pathogenic virus that caused a pandemic outbreak in December 2019. The impact of this virus may be severe in the patients having co-morbidities like diabetes, hypertension, Chronic Kidney Disease, cardiovascular disease, etc. Aim and Objectives: This study Aims in Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on Diabetic and Hypertensive patients as well as COVID-19 patients without any co-morbidities. Objective of this is to evaluate the association between COVID-19 and its risk factors (diabetes and hypertension) and to evaluate whether the severity of the symptoms in COVID-19 patients is due to comorbidities or past medications. Methodology: A Retrospective study was conducted in SRM Hospital (Medical Records Department) for a period of 3 Months with the study population 670 at the age group of 25, known case of Diabetes and Hypertension. Cases of Pregnant women are excluded from the study. The patients were grouped into 4 categories 1) control group (patient without any co-morbidities) 2) diabetic patients 3) Hypertensive patient 4) Diabetic+Hypertension patient and studied their prescribing pattern by collecting the past medication history. Results and Discussion: There is a significant decrease in a lymphocyte in covid-19 Type 2 diabetic patients in our study. These results suggest that different mechanism exists for hypertension and diabetes mellitus as risk factors for covid-19. It is also known that these patients have impaired immune response to many infections [30]. In our retrospective study, we collected 670 covid-19 cases. It consists of 12.5% of diabetic patients and 6.6% of hypertensive patients. This study compared COVID-19 patients without any comorbidity (neither Type 2 diabetes mellitus nor hypertension) with covid- 19 patients with comorbidities (Type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension). COVID-19 patients with T2DM have an increased level of D-dimer compared to non-T2DM patients. Conclusion: Diabetic and hypertensive patients affected with COVID-19 are low in our study. Out of the total study population, only 12.5% are diabetic, 6.56% are hypertensive, and 9.25% were both diabetic and hypertensive. But when comparing in terms of severity, hypertensive and diabetic patients have severe effects than the control patients. In simpler terms, not every person who has diabetes and hypertension are affected with COVID-19, but those who were affected by COVID-19 showed more severity than the patients who don't have any comorbidities

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Thyroid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20195249 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 1906

Author(s):

Mahesh Dave ◽

Hazari Lal Saini ◽

Ankit Gupta ◽

Jitendra Singh Choudhary ◽

Aniruddha Burli

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Thyroid Disorder ◽

Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽

Organ Systems ◽

Thyroid Profile

Background: Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder which involves multiple organ systems and leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Diabetes mellitus has been defined as “A metabolic syndrome characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and disturbance of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism associated with absolute or relative deficiency in insulin secretion and or insulin action”. Thyroid diseases are also a common endocrinopathy seen in the adult population. Thyroid hormones are intimately involved in cellular metabolism. The present work is a modest attempt to study the prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: The study was carried out in total 108 diabetic patients without known thyroid disorder admitted in various Medical wards of R.N.T. Medical college and attached group of hospitals, Udaipur. It was a cross Sectional study done over a period of 10 months. Results: In the present study, 13% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had abnormal thyroid profile. Out of which the most common presentation was sub clinical hypothyroidism found in 9.25% followed by1.9% had overt hypothyroidism and 1.9% had sub clinical hyperthyroidism. In persons with abnormal thyroid profile 85.7% were females and 14.3% were males which was statistically significant.Conclusions: Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is common among T2DM patients and is higher in females than in males. There is no significant correlation between thyroid dysfunction and age, diabetes control, family history, type of treatment and HbA1c level in diabetic patients.

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Gender based variation of lipid abnormalities in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20213934 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 3068

Author(s):

Arpita Jaidev ◽

Hitesh Shah ◽

Liggy Andrews ◽

Bhavisha N. Vagheda

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Male And Female ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Dyslipidemia has a varying pattern among the male and female patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).Methods: This study was conducted in the out-patient department (OPD) of department of medicine at GMERS, Patan, Gujarat from July 2020 to December 2020 for a period of six months. Fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c (FBS, HbA1c) lipid profile triacylglycerol-triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDLC) were measured. Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS software program.Results: A total number of 200 type 2 DM patients (100 males and 100 females) attending to GMERS OPD were recruited in this study. Blood sugar was higher than normal in both male and female (FBS=142.44±36.21, 146.40±41.49 respectively). TG level was also higher in two groups of study subjects with female level slightly more than male (164.99±67.1and 138.21±70 respectively) with no significant difference between the groups (p>0.05).Total cholesterol and LDL-C level was within normal physiological level in both groups, where-as these levels were higher in female in comparison to male (TC=198.07±40.82 and 169.5±36.13 respectively, LDLC=118±34 and 99±27, respectively), showing significant difference between the groups (p=0.014). HDL-C was not below normal in both male (41±5.4) and female (43.99±4.31); however, HDL-C was slightly higher in female than male and the difference was significant (p=0.0129).Conclusions: Dyslipidemia was noticed in a greater proportion of female diabetic patients than male diabetic patients.

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TCF7L2 Gene Polymorphism as a Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Microvascular Complications

10.21203/rs.3.rs-438435/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Noran Talaat Aboelkhair ◽

Heba Elsayed Kasem ◽

Amera Anwar Abdelmoaty ◽

Rawhia Hassan Eledel

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Microvascular Complications ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Tcf7l2 Gene ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Patient Groups ◽

Diabetic Microvascular Complications

Abstract Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic condition with various genetics and environmental influences that affects the capacity of the body to produce or use insulin resulting in hyperglycemia, which may lead to variable complications. It is one of the world’s rising health problems. There is emerging evidence that some genetic polymorphisms can impact the risk of evolving T2DM. We try to determine the relationship of (rs7903146) variant of the Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene with T2DM and its microvascular complications.Methods and Results: This case-control study included 180 subjects: 60 diabetic patients without complications, 60 diabetic patients with microvascular complications and 60 matched healthy controls. Genotypes of rs7903146 (C/T) SNP in the TCF7L2 gene were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction via TaqMan allelic discrimination. Logistic regression was used to detect the most independent factor for development of diabetes and diabetic microvascular complications. Variant homozygous TT and heterozygous TC genotypes were significantly increased in diabetic without complications and diabetic with complications groups than controls (p=0.003, 0.001) respectively. The T allele was more represented in both patient groups than controls with no significant difference between patient groups. TT genotype as well as T allele was significantly associated with increased T2DM risk.Conclusion: The T allele of rs7903146 polymorphism of TCF7L2 confers susceptibility to development of T2DM. However, no significant association was found for diabetic complications.

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Influence of GSTT1 and GSTP1 Polymorphisms on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Retinopathy Risk in The Chinese Population: A Case Control Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-52199/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xinqian Geng ◽

Ling Zha ◽

Taicheng Zhou ◽

Yuxin Xiong ◽

Fan Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Chinese Population ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Gstt1 Null Genotype ◽

Potential Biomarker

Abstract Background: Studies have revealed the association of glutathione S-transferases (GSTM1 and GSTT1) deletion (null) polymorphism with the risks of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between GSTT1/ GSTP1 gene polymorphisms and the risks of T2DM and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a Chinese population.Methods: A total of 336 subjects with T2DM and a defined ophthalmologic status were recruited from the Second People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province between June 2014 and October 2016. Seventy-two age-matched healthy controls were also enrolled. Physical examinations and laboratory tests were performed. The frequencies of GSTT1 and GSTP1 genotypes in all participants were determined by PCR and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR–RFLP), respectively.Results: Compared with healthy controls, the GSTT1-null genotype was significantly more common in diabetic patients with or without DR (all P < 0.05). However, the frequency of the GSTP1 genotype (AA, GA, GG) was comparable between the two groups. Furthermore, neither the GSTP1 nor GSTT1 genetic polymorphism was associated with the development of DR. In the present study, the risk of developing T2DM was significantly higher in subjects carrying the combined heterozygous GSTP1 (AG) and null GSTT1 genotypes (OR=0.40, 95% CI=0.21-0.74, P=0.02).Conclusions: The deletion of the GSTT1 genotype was associated with a higher risk of developing T2DM, whether alone or in combination with GSTP1, indicating that the null genotype of GSTT1 may serve as a potential biomarker for T2DM in the Chinese population, which is helpful for clinicians to make more effective risk-based decisions.

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Influence of GSTT1 and GSTP1 Polymorphisms on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Retinopathy Risk in the Chinese Population: A Case Control Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-52199/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xinqian Geng ◽

Ling Zha ◽

Taicheng Zhou ◽

Yixin Xiong ◽

Fan Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Chinese Population ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Gstt1 Null Genotype ◽

Potential Biomarker

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Comparison Pai-1 Level in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with and Without Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Sumatera Medical Journal ◽

10.32734/sumej.v1i1.439 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Alfi Dewi Sholat ◽

Dairion Gatot ◽

Savina Handayani ◽

Andri Iskandar Mardia ◽

Santi Syafril

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Foot Ulcer ◽

Diabetic Foot Ulcer ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Pai 1

In type 2 diabetes mellitus, there are changes in hemostasis components, including overexpression of PAI-1. By these facts, the authors are interested in conducting the study of PAI-1 level in diabetic patients with and without foot ulcer. Methods: The sample of this research was collected cross-sectionally on 20 type 2 diabetic patients with foot ulcer and 20 without foot ulcer. Blood samples were taken to measure serum PAI-1 level, complete blood count and hemostasis screening test. Results: Statistical analysis showed there are significant differences in hemoglobin, trombosit, Fibrinogen and D-dimer levels in the ulcer and non-ulcer groups but no significant difference in PAI-1 level. Conclusions: No higher PAI – 1 level were found in diabetic foot ulcer group than those without diabetic foot ulcer. There was no significant difference between PAI-1 level and grade of diabetic foot ulcer.

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STUDY OF THYROID FUNCTION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS OF MALWA REGION.

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v5i4.1877 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Deepasha Shahi Bagzai ◽

Darshna Jain ◽

Anurag Kesarwani

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Thyroid Function ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type2 Diabetes ◽

Type2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Tsh Levels

Background: Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus are two common endocrine disorders that are commonly encountered in clinical practice. The relationship between thyroid disease and diabetes is important for physicians to understand in order to provide the best treatment for both conditions. The aim of this study was to assess thyroid function in Type2 Diabetes Mellitus patients of malwa region and raise awareness about thyroid dysfunction in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. Methods: In this case control study, a total of 200 subjects were chosen. Group I consisted of 100 diagnosed type 2 diabetes cases and Group II 100 sex matched stable controls. After receiving informed consent, patients were enrolled. Thyroid dysfunction in Type2 diabetes mellitus was assessed using biochemical parameters such as fasting plasma glucose, total triiodothyronine T3, total thyroxine T4, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Results: When diabetic patients were compared to healthy controls, their fasting blood glucose and serum TSH levels were substantially higher. In these two classes, however, there was no substantial difference in serum T3 and T4 levels. The findings suggest that diabetic patients have subclinical hypothyroidism as opposed to the control group in the study population Conclusion: From this current study it has been observed that thyroid function levels were altered in Diabetes mellitus patients, especially TSH levels. so it is suggested that diabetes mellitus patients should be screened for thyroid function studies on a regular basis to prevent further complications of thyroid dysfuction. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Thyroid dysfunction.

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