Frequency of thyroid dysfunctions among Nigerian patients with vitiligo

Background: Vitiligo is associated with varying degrees of thyroid dysfunctions. This study was aimed to evaluate the thyroid dysfunctions in patients with vitiligo in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, West Africa.Methods: A retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional analysis of thyroid function tests variables of 105 vitiligo patients who visited the Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Medicine of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital between 1st January 2012 and 31st December 2016 was conducted. Records of age, sex, thyroid stimulating hormone, total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine was collected and analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk, descriptive, chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and Pearson’s tests. A statistical significance of p <0.05 was applied.Results: Females predominated among study cohort (61.9% female versus 38.1% male; p = 0.015). Most patients were less than 30 years old in both sexes. 26.7% (37 out of 105) had various degrees of thyroid dysfunctions. Among this 26.7% (37) with various thyroid dysfunctions, are 28 (75%) females and 9 (25%) males. These dysfunctions include primary hypothyroidism (6.7%), primary hyperthyroidism (1%), subclinical hypothyroidism (17.1%) and subclinical hyperthyroidism (1.9%), while the majority were euthyroid (73.3%). Subclinical hypothyroidism was the most common disorder (n = 18; 17.2%) with female preponderance (females n = 11; 61% versus males n = 7; 39%).Conclusions: This study confirms high frequency of thyroid dysfunctions among vitiligo patients. The culture of regular assessment of thyroid function should be mandatory among patients with vitiligo.

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A comparative study on outcomes of preprandial versus postprandial thyroid function test

International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20194945 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 1662

Author(s):

Vasim Ismail Patel ◽

Akshay B. K.

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Function ◽

Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Thyroid Function Test ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Endocrine Gland ◽

Thyroid Function Tests ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Free T4 ◽

Group 2

Background: The thyroid is an endocrine gland. It secretes two hormones thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3). Hypothyroidism is a common condition encountered by a clinician. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) defined as normal free thyroxine (T4) and elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), is primarily a biochemical diagnosis with or without clinical symptoms. Studies have observed that TSH levels vary at different times in a day. In practice not much importance is given to the timing of the sample collection (pre-prandial or post-prandial sate). SCH is diagnosed depending on TSH value. So the condition may be under or over diagnosed based on a single value. So we conducted this study to determine whether timing of sample collection had any significant relationship in the determination of levels of thyroid hormones.Methods: The study was carried on 114 patients who visited ENT department, NMCH between July 2018 and June 2019. Group-1 consisted of 38 normal patients. Group-2 consisted of 36 hypothyroidism patients GROUP-3 consisted of 40 subclinical hypothyroidism patients. Thyroid function tests (TSH and free T4) were done in fasting state and 2 hours postprandially. Results: TSH values were found to be significantly lowered after food in all the three groups. Free T4 values did not show any statistically significant alteration after food.Conclusions: There was a significant decline in TSH values postprandially. This might lead to inappropriate diagnosis and management of patients as cases of hypothyroidism, especially in cases of sub clinical hypothyroidism.

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Reference intervals for neonatal thyroid function tests in the first 7 days of life

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2018-0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (10) ◽

pp. 1113-1116 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Michelle S. Jayasuriya ◽

Kay W. Choy ◽

Lit K. Chin ◽

James Doery ◽

Alice Stewart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Function ◽

Medical Records ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Primary Hypothyroidism ◽

Specific Reference ◽

Rapid Decline ◽

Thyroid Function Tests ◽

Accurate Identification ◽

Neonatal Hypothyroidism

Abstract Background: Prompt intervention can prevent permanent adverse neurological effects caused by neonatal hypothyroidism. Thyroid function changes rapidly in the first few days of life but well-defined age-specific reference intervals (RIs) for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4) and free tri-iodothyronine (FT3) are not available to aid interpretation. We developed hour-based RIs using data mining. Methods: All TSH, FT4 and FT3 results with date and time of collection from neonates aged <7 days during 2005–2015 were extracted from the Monash Pathology database. Neonates with more than one episode of testing or with known primary hypothyroidism, identified by treating physicians or from medical records, were excluded from the analysis. The date and time of birth were obtained from the medical records. Results: Of the 728 neonates qualifying for the study, 569 had time of birth available. All 569 had TSH, 415 had FT4 and 146 had FT3 results. For age ≤24 h, 25–48 h, 49–72 h, 73–96 h, 97–120 h, 121–144 h and 145–168 h of life, the TSH RIs (2.5th–97.5th) (mIU/L) were 4.1–40.2, 3.2–29.6, 2.6–17.3, 2.2–14.7, 1.8–14.2, 1.4–12.7 and 1.0–8.3, respectively; the FT4 RIs (mean ± 2 standard deviation [SD]) (pmol/L) were 15.3–43.6, 14.7–53.2, 16.5–45.5, 17.8–39.4, 15.3–32.1, 14.5–32.6 and 13.9–30.9, respectively; the FT3 RIs (mean±2 SD) (pmol/L) were 5.0–9.4, 4.1–9.1, 2.8–7.8, 2.9–7.8, 3.5–7.2, 3.4–8.0 and 3.8–7.9, respectively. Conclusions: TSH and FT4 were substantially high in the first 24 h after birth followed by a rapid decline over the subsequent 168 h. Use of hour-based RIs in newborns allows for more accurate identification of neonates who are at risk of hypothyroidism.

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Subclinical hypothyroidism

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes ◽

10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.3252 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 543-547

Author(s):

Jayne A. Franklyn

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Function ◽

Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽

Expert Panel ◽

Elevated Serum ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Free Thyroxine ◽

Thyroid Function Tests ◽

Free Triiodothyronine ◽

Function Tests ◽

Serum Tsh

Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined biochemically as the association of a raised serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration with normal circulating concentrations of free thyroxine (T4) and free triiodothyronine (T3). The term subclinical hypothyroidism implies that patients should be asymptomatic, although symptoms are difficult to assess, especially in patients in whom thyroid function tests have been checked because of nonspecific complaints such as tiredness. An expert panel has recently classified individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism into two groups (1): (1) those with mildly elevated serum TSH (typically TSH in the range 4.5–10.0 mU/l) and (2) those with more marked TSH elevation (serum TSH >10.0 mU/l).

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Thyroid dysfunction in preeclampsia and related fetomaternal outcomes

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20191944 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 1928

Author(s):

Puja Banik ◽

R. K. Praneshwari Devi ◽

Aheibam Bidya ◽

Akoijam Tamphasana ◽

M. Agalya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Function ◽

Thyroid Dysfunction ◽

Birth Asphyxia ◽

Normal Pregnancy ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Severe Preeclampsia ◽

Intrauterine Fetal Death ◽

Overt Hypothyroidism ◽

Thyroid Function Tests ◽

Cross Sectional

Background: Changes in thyroid function in normal pregnancy are well-documented but in complicated pregnancy like preeclampsia, very little is known. Studies have shown evidences of hypothyroidism in preeclampsia necessitating thyroid function tests to be done in preeclampsia. The study was done to analyze the fetomaternal outcome of preeclampsia with coexisting thyroid dysfunction.Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was done over 18 months on 95 preeclamptic patients admitted at the antenatal ward and fetomaternal outcomes were analyzed according to thyroid status.Results: Out of 95 patients with preeclampsia, 42 (44.2%) had thyroid dysfunction. Among these 42 patients, 37 (38.9%) patients had subclinical hypothyroidism, 4 (4.2%) had overt hypothyroidism and 1 (1%) had hyperthyroidism. Severe preeclampsia was seen in 64.3% of the patients with thyroid dysfunction compared with 39.6% in euthyroid patients. The mean thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level was significantly higher and means free thyroxine (fT4) level was significantly lower in severe preeclampsia compared with non-severe preeclampsia. Complications like abruption, intrauterine fetal death (IUD), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), oligohydramnios, preterm deliveries, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), low birth weight babies, birth asphyxia in babies and subsequent neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions were significantly higher (p <0.05) in the preeclampsia patients with thyroid dysfunction in comparison with euthyroid ones.Conclusions: Hypothyroidism may be a modifiable risk factor for preeclampsia. Thyroid screening early in pregnancy may be helpful in predicting the occurrence of preeclampsia and timely thyroid hormone administration can reduce the maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with preeclampsia.

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Frequency of subclinical hypothyroidism in chronic kidney disease patients.

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.09.6144 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (09) ◽

pp. 1326-1330

Author(s):

Tahir Rashid ◽

Irfan Mirza ◽

Abdul Rauf ◽

Syed Hassan Mustafa ◽

Talha Durrani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Thyroid Function ◽

Clinical Examination ◽

Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Thyroid Function Tests ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

Objective: Objective of this study was to determine the frequency of sub clinical hypothyroidism among chronic kidney disease patients in our population. Study Design: Descriptive Cross sectional study. Settings: Department of Nephrology, Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar. Period: February 2018 to September 2018. Material & Methods: A total of 145 chronic kidney disease patients were included in this study. Thyroid function tests (TFT, s) were performed in all patients along with history and clinical examination. Sub clinical hypothyroidism was defined as high TSH (normal value 0.27-4.0 µIU/ml) and normal Free T47. (0.93 – 1.70 ng/dl). Results: Our study shows that Mean age was 55 years with standard deviation ± 2.83. Eighty seven (60%) patients were male and 58(40%) patients were female. Moreover, 25% patients had subclinical hypothyroidism. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism in chronic kidney disease was found to be 25% in our population.

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Thyroid Function Test as First-line Investigation of Hypernatremia: Is It Necessary?

Asian Journal of Medicine and Biomedicine ◽

10.37231/ajmb.2020.4.1.322 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 12-18

Author(s):

Nada Syazana ◽

Huzairi Sani ◽

Zahir Izuan Azhar

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Function ◽

Strong Association ◽

Thyroid Function Test ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Thyroid Function Tests ◽

First Line ◽

Cross Sectional

Non-severe hypothyroidism has no strong association with hyponatremia. However, thyroid function tests (TFT) continue to be ordered as a first-line investigation. The objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of inpatient hyponatremia and to reiterate the association between thyroid disorders and hyponatremia based on study findings and current literature. A cross-sectional study on 3,478 in-patients adults of both gender admitted to a Malaysian tertiary hospital was carried out. Age, gender, sodium levels, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4) and clinical notes between 1/11/17-31/12/17 were extracted from the hospital’s information system. Bivariate analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square and Spearman correlation tests. 21.9% of inpatients had hyponatremia of which 52% were mild. 359 (69%) of hyponatremic patients had a TFT sent where 71.9% were euthyroid. Sodium level is significantly correlated with age (R=-0.257, P<0.001). No correlations were found between sodium and TSH and fT4. Sodium was significantly lower in the non-thyroidal illness (NTI) group compared to the hypothyroid group. No significant differences in sodium were found between the hypothyroid group and other thyroid states. Hence it was conclude that in hyponatremia, TFT is indicated when there is clinical evidence of severe hypothyroidism, suspicion of hypothalamus-pituitary-axis disorder or when no cause of SIADH is apparent. Otherwise, TFT is unnecessary and costly as a first-line investigation. Keywords: hyponatremia, hypothyroidism, hypothyroid, non-thyroidal illness, sodium

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DUOX2 variants are a frequent cause of congenital primary hypothyroidism in Thai patients

Endocrine Connections ◽

10.1530/ec-20-0411 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1121-1134

Author(s):

Kinnaree Sorapipatcharoen ◽

Thipwimol Tim-Aroon ◽

Pat Mahachoklertwattana ◽

Wasun Chantratita ◽

Nareenart Iemwimangsa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Function ◽

Gene List ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Primary Hypothyroidism ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Thyroid Function Tests ◽

Function Tests ◽

Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis ◽

Design And Methods

Objective To identify the genetic etiologies of congenital primary hypothyroidism (CH) in Thai patients. Design and methods CH patients were enrolled. Clinical characteristics including age, signs and symptoms of CH, pedigree, family history, screened thyroid-stimulating hormone results, thyroid function tests, thyroid imaging, clinical course and treatment of CH were collected. Clinical exome sequencing by next-generation sequencing was performed. In-house gene list which covered 62 potential candidate genes related to CH and thyroid disorders was developed for targeted sequencing. Sanger sequencing was performed to validate the candidate variants. Thyroid function tests were determined in the heterozygous parents who carried the same DUOX2 or DUOXA2 variants as their offsprings. Results There were 118 patients (63 males) included. Mean (SD) age at enrollment was 12.4 (7.9) years. Forty-five of 118 patients (38%) had disease-causing variants. Of 45 variants, 7 genes were involved (DUOX2, DUOXA2, TG, TPO, SLC5A5, PAX8 and TSHR). DUOX2, a gene causing thyroid dyshormonogenesis, was the most common defective gene (25/45, 56%). The most common DUOX2 variant found in this study was c.1588A>T. TG and TPO variants were less common. Fourteen novel variants were found. Thyroid function tests of most parents with heterozygous state of DUOX2 and DUOXA2 variants were normal. Conclusions DUOX2 variants were most common among Thai CH patients, while TG and TPO variants were less common. The c.1588A>T in DUOX2 gene was highly frequent in this population.

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Study of correlation of various metabolic abnormalities in patients of metabolic syndrome with abnormal thyroid functions and ultrasonography from Central India

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20210603 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 439

Author(s):

Shubham Upadhyay ◽

Dharmendra Jhavar ◽

Naresh Kumar Patel ◽

Rajesh Chouhan ◽

Ambar Khalwadekar

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Thyroid Function ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Central India ◽

The Body ◽

Thyroid Function Tests ◽

Metabolic Abnormalities ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Neoplastic Lesion ◽

Thyroid Dysfunctions

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of various clinical and biochemical abnormalities. The thyroid hormone has influence on almost each and every cell of various organs in the body. Its deficiency or excess is likely to have various metabolic abnormalities and structural changes in thyroid gland may correlate with abnormal thyroid function test.Methods: This cross sectional observational study was conducted in 100 consecutive patients of metabolic syndrome from October 2013 to October 2014 at MGM medical college and MY hospital Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India from one year of study duration and both outdoor and in patients were included in this study.Results: In this study, 24 (24%) patients were pre-hypertensive. A 42 (42%) and 13 (13%) patients had stage I and stage II hypertension respectively. 78 (78%) patients had FBS more than 100 mg/dl and out of these patients, 61 patients had DM type 2 with FBS more than 125 mg/dl. TG was more than 150 mg/dl in 65 (65%) patients. Serum HDL level was low in 30 males and 52 females. USG thyroid findings in patients with thyroid dysfunction (24), were within normal limit, thyroiditis, thyroid adenoma, benign thyroid nodule, multinodular goiter, colloid cyst, and neoplastic lesion in 62.5%, 8.3%, 8.3%, 4.2%, 8.3%, 4.2%, and 4.2% respectively.Conclusions: Prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions is more common in metabolic syndrome patients. All metabolic syndrome patients can be evaluated by thyroid function tests and ultrasonography to diagnose thyroid dysfunctions in early stages.

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Maternal adiposity, smoking, and thyroid function in early pregnancy

Endocrine Connections ◽

10.1530/ec-21-0376 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stine Linding Andersen ◽

Louise Knøsgaard ◽

Aase Handberg ◽

Peter Vestergaard ◽

Stig Andersen

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Thyroid Function ◽

Early Pregnancy ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Thyroid Function Tests ◽

Free T4 ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The North ◽

Maternal Adiposity

Objective: A high activity of the deiodinase type 2 has been proposed in overweight, obese, and smoking pregnant women as reflected by a high triiodothyronine (T3)/thyroxine (T4)-ratio. We speculated how maternal adiposity and smoking would associate with different thyroid function tests in the early pregnancy. Design: Cross-sectional study within the North Denmark Region Pregnancy Cohort. Methods: Maternal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total T4 (TT4), total T3 (TT3), free T4 (fT4), and free T3 (fT3) were measured in stored blood samples (median gestational week 10) by an automatic immunoassay. Results were linked to nationwide registers and live-birth pregnancies were included. The associations between maternal adiposity (overweight or obese), smoking, and log-transformed TSH, fT3/fT4-ratio, and TT3/TT4-ratio were assessed using multivariate linear regression and reported as adjusted exponentiated β (aβ) with 95% confidence interval (CI). The adjusted model included maternal age, parity, origin, week of blood sampling, and diabetes. Results: Altogether 5,529 pregnant women were included, and 40% were classified with adiposity, whereas 10% were smoking. Maternal adiposity associated with higher TSH (aβ 1.13 (95% CI 1.08-1.20)), whereas maternal smoking was associated with lower TSH in the early pregnancy (0.875 (0.806-0.950)). Considering the T3/T4-ratio, both maternal adiposity (fT3/fT4-ratio: 1.06 (1.05-1.07); TT3/TT4-ratio: 1.07 (1.06-1.08)) and smoking (fT3/fT4-ratio: 1.07 (1.06-1.09); TT3/TT4-ratio: 1.10 (1.09-1.12)) associated with a higher ratio. Conclusions: In a large cohort of Danish pregnant women, adiposity and smoking showed opposite associations with maternal TSH. On the other hand, both conditions associated with a higher T3/T4-ratio in early pregnancy, which may reflect altered deiodinase activity.

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Retrospective analysis of thyroid function in drug-free patients with bipolar disorder in China

10.21203/rs.2.19666/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Bin Yang ◽

Yan Zhong Li ◽

Qi Wang ◽

Xin Sheng Guo ◽

Ying Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Thyroid Function ◽

Bipolar Depression ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Thyroid Function Tests ◽

Free Triiodothyronine ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Female Patients ◽

Previous Hospitalization

Abstract Background Bipolar disorder is a common mental illness with serious consequences. Clinical studies have found that thyroid function may have an impact on patients with bipolar disorder, but there are few relevant studies in China. So this study explores the characteristics of thyroid function in patients with bipolar disorder in China.Methods Using retrospective cohort study and a cross-sectional study, thyroid function tests were performed in inpatients from September 2015 to January 2018 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, who were diagnosed with bipolar disorder and were not treated with medications for at least three months before hospitalization.Results We found that the triiodothyronine (T3) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels were significantly higher in bipolar mania than in bipolar depression (P < 0.01). The thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were significantly lower in male than female patients, while the FT3, free thyroxine (FT4) levels were higher in male than female patients (P < 0.01). Patients were divided into two groups: those who used lithium and those who did not. Both groups had a tendency of hypothyroidism after treatment. In addition, the T3 and FT3 levels were significantly higher in manic than in depressive status in those patients who had a transition between mania and depression in 28 patients compared with previous hospitalization (P < 0.05).Conclusion Patients with bipolar disorder may develop thyroid dysfunction at different stages and in male/female sexes.

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