scholarly journals Evaluation of serum sex hormones and CD4+ count among HIV patients on HAART, HAART naive patients and apparently healthy subjects in Sokoto, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 891
Author(s):  
Armiya’u Ahmed Yelwa ◽  
Abdallah Suleiman Mainasara ◽  
Shehu Abubakar Akuyam ◽  
Balarabe Isah Adamu ◽  
Zayyanu Usman Umar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Background: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic disease associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which progressively induces depletion of CD4+ T cells, and increased vulnerability to opportunistic infections. Previous reported studies associated HIV-infected men with sexual dysfunction; hypogonadism is the most common endocrinological disorders. Its prevalence remains poorly defined and widely ranging from different studies.Methods: This study evaluated a total of 135 serum sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) and its correlation with CD4+ counts among HIV patients on HAART, HAART naïve patients and negative control subjects (n=45). CD4+ cell counts were estimated using standard flow cytometry method and serum sex hormones by competitive enzyme immunoassay technique.Results: There were significantly lower testosterone and CD4+ levels (p<0.05) among HIV positive HAART naïve men compared to negative control. LH and FSH indicated significant increased (p<0.05) among HIV positive men on HAART.Conclusions: Antiretroviral therapy improves sexual functions in males infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Hence, further study to evaluate its effects on other sexual behaviors.

Unrecognised Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in an Emergency Department in Hong Kong: A Report of Four Cases

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-177
Author(s):  
KL Mok ◽  
PG Kan
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Accident And Emergency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes breakdown of the immune system and predisposes patients to various opportunistic infections and neoplasms. However, many patients may not be aware of the HIV infection before the development of their first HIV related complications. We reported four unrecognised HIV patients presenting to our accident and emergency department with common complications of HIV infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although not as common as in America, emergency physicians in Hong Kong still have to take care of patients with unknown HIV status. The common presentations of HIV patients will be discussed. A high index of suspicion and knowledge of common HIV/AIDS complications are required for managing these patients.

scholarly journals Syngeneic adoptive transfer of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV- 1)-primed lymphocytes from a vaccinated HIV-seronegative individual to his HIV-1-infected identical twin

Blood ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 3317-3326 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Bex ◽  
P Hermans ◽  
S Sprecher ◽  
A Achour ◽  
R Badjou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Adoptive Transfer ◽  
Envelope Glycoprotein ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Recombinant Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Immunotherapy by adoptive transfer of lymphocytes was attempted in identical twins, one who was virus-free and the other who was infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), at the stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The noninfected twin was vaccinated by priming with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the envelope glycoprotein of one of his brother's viruses and boosting with the same purified gp160 adsorbed on alum. Vaccination elicited major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes specific for HIV-1, but no antibody response. The diseased brother, a 38-year-old homosexual who had developed repeated opportunistic infections since 1990 and had a CD4+ count reduced to practically zero, was treated by infusions of lymphocytes collected from the vaccinated brother by lymphopheresis. After a first transfer of the whole lymphocyte population, no changes were observed in the clinical status and biologic or virologic parameters. A second transfer was then applied with activation of the cells with purified envelope glycoprotein before infusion. The outcome of the treatment was an increase in total lymphocytes, in CD4+ and activated CD8+ DR+ cell counts, and in proliferative responses to HIV antigens. A marked but transient 3-log increase in cellular and plasmatic virus loads was also observed after the second adoptive transfer. These observations will be considered with attention to improve the future adoptive transfer protocols, especially in patients with severe CD4+ depletion.

Infectious pseudomonas subglottic stenosis occurring in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

1997 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ghufoor ◽  
J. Almeyda ◽  
G. Mochloulis ◽  
P. Q. Montgomery ◽  
N. S. Tolley
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Infective Agent

AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa is emerging as an increasingly common opportunistic infective agent in the immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patient (Kielhofner et al., 1992). Improvements in the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has led to longer life expectancy (Graham et al., 1992), and this has changed the incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in this population (Baron and Hollander, 1993). We present a case of a patient with AIDS who developed a fulminant Pseudomonas aeruginosa stenosing subglottic infection. We are unaware of any previous reports of this particular manifestation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.

scholarly journals Syngeneic adoptive transfer of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV- 1)-primed lymphocytes from a vaccinated HIV-seronegative individual to his HIV-1-infected identical twin

Blood ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 3317-3326
Author(s):  
F Bex ◽  
P Hermans ◽  
S Sprecher ◽  
A Achour ◽  
R Badjou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Adoptive Transfer ◽  
Envelope Glycoprotein ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Recombinant Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv 1

Immunotherapy by adoptive transfer of lymphocytes was attempted in identical twins, one who was virus-free and the other who was infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), at the stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The noninfected twin was vaccinated by priming with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the envelope glycoprotein of one of his brother's viruses and boosting with the same purified gp160 adsorbed on alum. Vaccination elicited major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes specific for HIV-1, but no antibody response. The diseased brother, a 38-year-old homosexual who had developed repeated opportunistic infections since 1990 and had a CD4+ count reduced to practically zero, was treated by infusions of lymphocytes collected from the vaccinated brother by lymphopheresis. After a first transfer of the whole lymphocyte population, no changes were observed in the clinical status and biologic or virologic parameters. A second transfer was then applied with activation of the cells with purified envelope glycoprotein before infusion. The outcome of the treatment was an increase in total lymphocytes, in CD4+ and activated CD8+ DR+ cell counts, and in proliferative responses to HIV antigens. A marked but transient 3-log increase in cellular and plasmatic virus loads was also observed after the second adoptive transfer. These observations will be considered with attention to improve the future adoptive transfer protocols, especially in patients with severe CD4+ depletion.

scholarly journals Molecular Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus env in Humans and Monkeys: Similar Patterns Occur during Natural Disease Progression or Rapid Virus Passage

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 5278-5284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Hofmann-Lehmann ◽  
Josef Vlasak ◽  
Agnès-Laurence Chenine ◽  
Pei-Lin Li ◽  
Timothy W. Baba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Rhesus Macaque ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Progeny Virus ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Strain ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Neonatal rhesus macaque 95-3 was inoculated with nonpassaged simian-human immunodeficiency virus strain SHIV-vpu+, which encodes env of the laboratory-adapted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strain IIIB and is considered nonpathogenic. CD4+ T-cell counts dropped to <200 cells/μl within 4.6 years, and monkey 95-3 died with opportunistic infections 5.9 years postinoculation. Transfer of blood from 95-3 to two naive adult macaques resulted in high peak viral loads and rapid, persistent T-cell depletion. Progeny virus evolved in 95-3 despite high SHIV-vpu+ neutralizing antibody titers and still used CXCR4 but, in contrast to parental SHIV-vpu+, productively infected macrophages and resisted neutralization. Sequence analysis revealed three new potential glycosylation sites in gp120; another two were lost. Strikingly similar mutations were detected in a laboratory worker who progressed to AIDS after accidental HIV-IIIB infection (T. Beaumont et al., J. Virol. 75:2246-2252, 2001), thus supporting the SHIV-vpu+/rhesus macaque system as a relevant model. Similar mutations were also described after rapid passage of chimeric viruses encoding IIIB env in rhesus and pig-tailed macaques (M. Cayabyab et al., J. Virol. 73:976-984, 1999; Z. Q. Liu et al., Virology 260:295-307, 1999; S. V. Narayan et al., Virology 256:54-63, 1999; R. Raghavan et al., Brain Pathol. 7:851-861, 1997; E. B. Stephens et al., Virology 231:313-321, 1997). Thus, HIV-IIIB env evolved similarly in three different species; this selection occurred in chronically infected individuals during disease progression as well as after rapid virus passage. We postulate that evolutionary pressure led to the outgrowth of more aggressive viral variants in all three species.

scholarly journals Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Nelfinavir and Its Metabolite M8 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Positive and HIV-Hepatitis C Virus-Coinfected Subjects

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 643-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Regazzi ◽  
Renato Maserati ◽  
Paola Villani ◽  
Maria Cusato ◽  
Patrizia Zucchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Standard Dosage ◽  
Clinical Pharmacokinetics ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the potential risk of nelfinavir (NFV) accumulation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients with liver disease, we investigated the concentrations of NFV and M8, the active metabolite of NFV, in plasma HIV-positive (HIV+) patients coinfected with HCV. A total of 119 HIV+ subjects were included in our study: 67 HIV+ patients, 32 HIV+ and HCV-positive (HCV+) patients without cirrhosis, and 20 HIV+ and HCV+ patients with cirrhosis. Most of the enrolled patients (chronically treated) were taking NFV at the standard dosage of 1,250 mg twice a day. To assay plasma NFV and M8 concentrations, patients underwent serial plasma samplings during the dosing interval at steady state. Plasma NFV and M8 concentrations were measured simultaneously by a high-performance liquid chromatography method with UV detection. The HIV+ and HCV+ patients with and without cirrhosis had significantly lower NFV oral clearances than the HIV+ and HCV-negative individuals (28 and 58% lower, respectively; P < 0.05), which translated into higher areas under the concentration-time curves for cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients. The NFV absorption rate was significantly lower in cirrhotic patients, resulting in a longer time to the maximum concentration in serum. The mean ratios of the M8 concentration/NFV concentration were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in HIV+ and HCV+ subjects with cirrhosis (0.06 ± 0.074) than in the subjects in the other two groups. The mean ratios for M8 and NFV were not statistically different between HIV+ and HCV-negative patients (0.16 ± 0.13) and HIV+ and HCV+ patients without cirrhosis (0.24 ± 0.17), but the interpatient variability was high. Our results indicate that the pharmacokinetics of NFV and M8 are altered in HIV+ and HCV+ patients, especially those with liver cirrhosis. Therefore, there may be a role for therapeutic drug monitoring in individualizing the NFV dosage in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients.

Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co-Infection in Western Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arezoo BOZORGOMID ◽  
Yazdan HAMZAVI ◽  
Sahar HEIDARI KHAYAT ◽  
Behzad MAHDAVIAN ◽  
Homayoon BASHIRI
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Pneumocystis Jirovecii ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Background: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the greatest health challenges facing worldwide. The virus suppresses the immune system of the patient. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization, rarely found in normal people, in patients with stage 4 HIV infection in Kermanshah, Iran, from Mar 1995 to Feb 2016. Methods: In this retrospective study, we surveyed medical records of stage 4 HIV-positive patients with Pneumocystis admitted to Behavioral Counseling Center of Kermanshah. Several parameters were analyzed including demographic characteristics, body mass index (BMI), treatment regimen, diagnostic methods, presenting signs and symptoms, presence of co-pathogens (bacteria, viruses, or fungi), and nadir of CD4 T-cell count before and after treatment. Results: During the study period, 114 HIV-positive patients were analyzed, of whom 93 were male and 21 were female, respectively. Of 114 cases, 26 (22.8%) patients had Pneumocystis. All 26 colonized patients had CD4 cell counts below 200 cells/mm3 (range 9–186). The median CD4 count increased from 91 cells/mm3 pretrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) to an estimated 263 cells/mm3 after starting (TMP/SMX). BMI was normal in the majority of the patients (85%) and coughs, sputum, and chest pain (19; 73%) followed by dyspnea, weakness, and lethargy (7; 27%) were the most common presentations of fungal pneumonia. Conclusion: HIV/AIDS-infected patients are an environmental reservoir of P. jirovecii infection that might transmit the infection from one person to another via the airborne route. In addition, rapid identification of such individuals may reduce the morbidity and mortality rate of this disease.

scholarly journals Tuberculin Skin Test Conversion and Reactivity Rates among Adults with and without Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Urban Settings in Ethiopia

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 784-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belete Tegbaru ◽  
Dawit Wolday ◽  
Tsehaynesh Messele ◽  
Mengistu Legesse ◽  
Yared Mekonnen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT To investigate whether low CD4+ T-cell counts in healthy and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected Ethiopians influence tuberculosis (TB) immunological memory, tuberculin skin test (TST) conversion and reactivity rates were investigated among adults with and without HIV infection in urban settings in Ethiopia. Reaction to the TST was analyzed with purified protein derivative by the Mantoux technique. A total of 1,286 individuals with TST results of ≥5-mm (n = 851) and ≤4-mm (n = 435) induration diameters were included. Individuals with ≤4-mm induration sizes were followed up for 21.4 ± 9.5 months (mean ± standard deviation) to observe skin test conversion. The overall TST reactivity (≥5-mm induration diameter) was 66.2% (n = 851). Reactivity was significantly lower among HIV-positive persons (40.5%) than among HIV-negative persons (68.7%) (P < 0.001). Of the above persons, 32 incident TB patients were checked for their TST status 13.05 ± 11.1 months before diagnosis and reactivity was found among 22 (68.7%) of them. Of the TST-negative persons with 0- to 4-mm indurations who were followed up for 3 years, the conversion rate to positivity was 17.9/100 person-years of observation (PYO) (14.4/100 PYO and 18.3/100 PYO in HIV-positive and -negative persons, respectively). Despite lower absolute CD4+ T-cell numbers in Ethiopians, higher TST conversion and reactivity rates show the presence of a higher rate of latent TB infection and/or transmission. The lower TST positivity rate before a diagnosis of TB disease showed the lower sensitivity of the test. This indicates the need for other sensitive and specific diagnostic and screening methods to detect TB infection, particularly among HIV-positive persons, so that they can be given prophylactic isoniazid therapy.

scholarly journals Incidence of tuberculosis among HIV-positive adults on antiretroviral therapy at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: A retrospective record review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belisty Temesgen ◽  
Getiye Dejenu Kibret ◽  
Nakachew Mekonnen Alamirew ◽  
Animut Alebel
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Hemoglobin Level ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Retrospective Record Review ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Positive Adults ◽  
Record Review

Abstract Background: Tuberculosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with human immunodeficiency virus. Almost one-third of deaths among people living with human immunodeficiency virus are attributed to tuberculosis. Despite this fact, in Ethiopia, particularly in our study area there is a scarcity of information regarding the incidence and predictors of TB among peoples living with HIV. Thus, this study aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of tuberculosis among HIV-positive adults on ART. Methods: A retrospective record review was conducted among 544 HIV-positive adults on ART at Debre Markos Referral Hospital from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2017. The study participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The data extraction format was adapted from ART intake and follow-up forms. Data were entered using Epi-Data version 4.2 and analyzed using STATA Version 13. Tuberculosis free survival time was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Both the bi-variable and multivariable Cox-proportional hazard regression models were used to identify predictors of the time to develop TB. Results: Among 492 HIV-positive adults included in the final analysis, 16.9% developed TB at the time of follow up. The incidence rate of TB was found to be 6.5 (95%CI: 5.2, 8.0) per 100-person years of observation. Advanced WHO clinical disease stage (III and IV) (AHR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.2), being ambulatory and bedridden (AHR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1, 3.1), baseline opportunistic infections (AHR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.7, 4.4), low hemoglobin level (AHR: 3.5, 95% CI: 2.1, 5.8), and not taking IPT (AHR: 3.9, 95% CI: 1.9, 7.6) were found to be the predictors of TB. Conclusion: In this study, a high incidence rate of TB was observed among HIV-positive adults. Advanced WHO clinical disease stage (III and IV), being ambulatory and bedridden, baseline opportunistic infections, low hemoglobin level, and not taking IPT were found to be the predictors of TB. Keywords: HIV, Incidence, Predictors, TB

Index testing among HIV-positive patients is feasible and successful in identifying additional HIV infections in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Arshad Altaf ◽  
Syed Sharaf Ali Shah ◽  
Safdar Pasha ◽  
Altaf Ahmed Soomro ◽  
Nazia Farrukh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Outreach Workers ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Testing Approach ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Study Participants

Objective: To assess the feasibility of index testing approach to test the parents and siblings of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive children, and identify HIV-positive individuals. Methods: The study was conducted at Ratodero, Pakistan. Study participants were enrolled from September 2019 to February 2020.  The list of HIV-positive persons was provided by the Provincial Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Control Programme. Families of 706 HIV-positive persons were approached and all of them agreed to participate. The first test was performed by trained outreach workers. All those with a reactive first test were transported to the nearest health facility for further testing and confirmation. Mothers and siblings were tested at home while additional visits were carried out to reach the fathers.  Results: A total of 1766 persons were tested through HIV index testing. Biological siblings accounted for 81% of the contacts. We were able to test 413/463 (89.2%) mothers, 232/413 (56.2%) fathers and 1121/1392 (80.5%) siblings. Out of these, 7 mothers (1.7%) and 22 siblings (2.0%) were confirmed to be HIV-positive, while no one was found to be positive among the fathers. The overall HIV prevalence was 1.6% (29/1766). All HIV-positive persons were guided for treatment and care.  Conclusion: Results indicate that index-testing approach is feasible in Pakistan to expand HIV testing services through home visits.  Key words: Human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, HIV testing, Pakistan, Index testing, HIV outbreak, Prevalence.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document