Histogenesis of developing human fetal stomach

Background: Human stomach is a highly specialised organ with distinct types of glands and microscopic features for its physiological activity. This study aimed to assess the chronological order in the development of different layers and the cyto-differentiation of various glandular cells in 50 fetuses from 12 weeks of gestation till term.Methods: Tissue was taken from cardiac, body and pylorus to investigate with light and confocal microscopy.Results: The gastric gland formation began as an indentation of the surface epithelium, gastric pit and simultaneous development of glandular buds in the mucosa. The pyloric glands preceded the development of cardiac and gastric glands showing retro cranial sequence of development. In contrast, the muscularis externa showed the classical craniocaudal model of development with oblique layer in the cardiac region by 14 weeks and body region by 16 weeks of gestation. The parietal cells were well developed by 12 weeks and the chief cells by 16 weeks with prominent secretory granules. In addition, the pyloric sphincter was a clearly defined anatomical sphincter developed by whorling of the inner circular layer at the pyloric end of the stomach evident from 12 weeks of gestation.Conclusions: The results showed that the significant cellular morphogenesis occurred between 12-20 weeks of gestation. This aggregated data will serve as a catalyst in the understanding intricacy of embryogenesis, pathogenesis tracing of congenital anomalies and invention of new drugs.

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THE FINE STRUCTURE OF BRUNNER'S GLANDS IN THE MOUSE

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.25.3.563 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 563-576 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Daniel S. Friend

Keyword(s):

Golgi Complex ◽

Secretory Granules ◽

Structural Features ◽

Surface Epithelium ◽

Secretory Cells ◽

Brunner's Glands ◽

Brunner’S Glands ◽

Submucosal Glands ◽

Glandular Cells ◽

Cytological Characteristics

Examined with the electron microscope, the secretory cells of the submucosal glands of Brunner in the mouse present a curious combination of the fine-structural features of both serous and mucus-secreting cells. The cells have numerous mitochondria, abundant basal ergastoplasm, dense secretory granules that bear a superficial resemblance to pancreatic zymogen granules, and an unusually extensive Golgi apparatus. The prominence of the lamellar, vesicular, and vacuolar elements of the Golgi complex facilitates detailed observation of these components. More evident than in other glandular cells, aggregates of small vesicles appear to represent the transitional elements and are vehicles for transport of the product between the ergastoplasm and the Golgi complex. The numerous vesicular evaginations of smooth-surfaced regions on cisternae of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and accumulations of innumerable vesicles of similar size in the area between the nearest profiles of the ergastoplasm and the Golgi complex support this contention. The cytological characteristics and physiologic properties of Brunner's glands in various species are discussed briefly. It is concluded that the submucosal glands of the mouse are excellent material for exploration of the ultrastructural correlates of both protein and carbohydrate secretion, and it is suggested that their secretion may have functions other than those generally attributed to them, namely, chemical and mechanical protection of the duodenal surface epithelium.

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INDUCTION OF ENDOMETRIAL PEROXIDASE SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION BY ESTROGEN AND ESTROGEN ANTAGONIST

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.62.2.449 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 449-459 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Andrew Churg ◽

Winston A. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Golgi Apparatus ◽

Peroxidase Activity ◽

Secretory Granules ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

Initial Injection ◽

Immature Rats ◽

Glandular Cells ◽

Endogenous Peroxidase ◽

Estrogen Antagonist

Synthesis of peroxidase was induced in the uterine epithelium of immature rats by multiple doses over a 24–96-h period of either 17 ß-estradiol, the estrogen-antagonist Parke-Davis CI-628, or a combination of estradiol plus antagonist. Endogenous peroxidase activity first appeared in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of surface epithelial and glandular cells within 24–48 after the initial injection. Uterine peroxidase activity was also visible in the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, in Golgi-derived secretory granules, and within the uterine and glandular lumen. Some cells of the epithelium produced little or no peroxidase, even after 96 h. Whereas the antagonist appeared to induce synthesis and secretion of peroxidase, neither the antagonist alone nor the combined treatment (estradiol plus antagonist) reproduced the estradiol-mediated growth in organ size and increased lumen diameter.

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Inhibition of acid secretion in isolated gastric glands by substituted benzimidazoles

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1982.243.6.g505 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 243 (6) ◽

pp. G505-G510 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. Fellenius ◽

B. Elander ◽

B. Wallmark ◽

H. F. Helander ◽

T. Berglindh

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Gastric Gland ◽

Acid Formation ◽

Gastric Glands ◽

New Class ◽

Weak Bases ◽

Morphological Studies ◽

Isolated Gastric Glands ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Distal Site

A new class of gastric acid inhibitors, substituted benzimidazoles (H 83/69 and H 149/94), have been tested in an isolated rabbit gastric gland preparation. Acid formation in the glands was stimulated by histamine, dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP), and high extracellular K+ concentrations, and the glandular secretory response was measured by changes in oxygen consumption and in accumulation of the weak base [14C]aminopyrine (AP). The substituted benzimidazoles inhibited AP accumulation induced by all stimulants in a dose-dependent noncompetitive manner. In contrast, cimetidine only inhibited histamine-induced AP accumulation. Basal AP accumulation, not affected by cimetidine, was also inhibited by the substituted benzimidazoles, as was the increase in glandular oxygen consumption produced by the addition of histamine and DBcAMP. Basal oxygen consumption was inhibited by about 15%. The substituted benzimidazoles, like AP, are weak bases and were also found to accumulate in the glands. Semiquantitative morphological studies of glands stimulated by histamine plus theophylline did not show any change in the enlarged secretory surface area after stimulation in the presence of inhibitory concentrations of H 149/94 (10(-4) M). The results suggest that substituted benzimidazoles have a mechanism of action different from that of H2-receptor antagonists and indicate a very distal site of action in the events leading to acid formation.

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Comparative Histological Study of the Stomach in Two Species of Iraqi Vertebrates (Magpie Pica pica L. and Small Asian Mongoose Herpestes javanicus E.)

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.2019.16.2.0281 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 0281

Author(s):

AL –Nakeeb Et al.

Keyword(s):

Outer Layer ◽

Histological Study ◽

Gastric Gland ◽

Parietal Cells ◽

Pica Pica ◽

Gastric Glands ◽

Chief Cells ◽

Herpestes Javanicus ◽

Mucous Neck Cells ◽

Muscularis Externa

A histological study showed the wall of the stomach in Pica pica and Herpestes javanicus consists of four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa. Also, the present study showed many differences in the histological structures of the stomach for each in both types. The stomach of P. pica consists of two portions: the proventiculus and gizzard, while the stomach of H. javanicus consists of three portions: cardiac, fundic and pyloric regions. The mucosa layer formed short gastric folds, named plicae. In the proventiculus of P. pica, sulcus is found between each two plicae, but the folds called gastric pits in the gizzard, which are full with koilin. Lamina properia in both types contained gastric glands (straight simple tubular glands) named superficial glands, as well as another gastric gland found in the submucosa layer of the proventiculus in P. pica only named deep gastric glands. The gastric gland in the stomach of H. javanicus contained: mucous neck cells and parietal cells positive to AB/PAS stains in cardiac portion, as well as chief cells in fundic portion, but pyloric portion had just mucous neck cells. Muscularis externa in both types formed two muscle layers: inner and outer layer.

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Application of Computational Biology and Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Cancer Precision Drug Discovery

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/8427042 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nagasundaram Nagarajan ◽

Edward K. Y. Yapp ◽

Nguyen Quoc Khanh Le ◽

Balu Kamaraj ◽

Abeer Mohammed Al-Subaie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Drug Discovery ◽

Computational Biology ◽

New Drugs ◽

Pharmaceutical Companies ◽

Data Sets ◽

Aggregated Data ◽

Usable Knowledge ◽

Knowledge Of Cancer ◽

Generation Sequencing

Artificial intelligence (AI) proves to have enormous potential in many areas of healthcare including research and chemical discoveries. Using large amounts of aggregated data, the AI can discover and learn further transforming these data into “usable” knowledge. Being well aware of this, the world’s leading pharmaceutical companies have already begun to use artificial intelligence to improve their research regarding new drugs. The goal is to exploit modern computational biology and machine learning systems to predict the molecular behaviour and the likelihood of getting a useful drug, thus saving time and money on unnecessary tests. Clinical studies, electronic medical records, high-resolution medical images, and genomic profiles can be used as resources to aid drug development. Pharmaceutical and medical researchers have extensive data sets that can be analyzed by strong AI systems. This review focused on how computational biology and artificial intelligence technologies can be implemented by integrating the knowledge of cancer drugs, drug resistance, next-generation sequencing, genetic variants, and structural biology in the cancer precision drug discovery.

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Protection against ethanol injury in the canine stomach: role of mucosal glutathione

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1991.261.6.g966 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 261 (6) ◽

pp. G966-G973 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

B. E. Victor ◽

K. L. Schmidt ◽

G. S. Smith ◽

T. A. Miller

Keyword(s):

Gastric Gland ◽

Ethanol Exposure ◽

Gastric Epithelium ◽

Gastric Injury ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Gastric Glands ◽

The Status ◽

Mild Irritant

The present study determined the role that mucosal glutathione (GSH) levels play in mediating the protective effects of a prostaglandin and a mild irritant against alcohol-induced gastric injury. An in vivo canine chambered stomach preparation was used in which the exteriorized mucosa was partitioned into two equal halves, one serving as control. Animals (5-8/group) received a subcutaneous injection of either normal saline (NS) or the GSH depletor N-ethylmaleimide (NEM; 50 mg/kg) and then were assigned to one of a variety of groups based on the perfusate used to bathe the experimental side of the chamber; NS bathed the control mucosa. At completion of the studies, mucosa from each side of the chamber was assayed for total GSH (mumol/g wet wt) and evaluated for microscopic damage. Both 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (1 microgram/ml) and the mild irritant 8% ethanol, when topically applied to the gastric epithelium, increased mucosal GSH levels by approximately 20% compared with control values, and elicited no deleterious effects to the mucosa. Treatment of animals with NEM prevented these GSH effects by PGE2 and 8% ethanol without damaging the mucosa. Application of 40% ethanol to the mucosa markedly reduced levels of GSH and caused significant injury to the mucosal surface, much of it extending to the level of the gastric glands. When mucosa was pretreated with PGE2 or 8% ethanol before 40% ethanol exposure, deep gastric gland injury was virtually abolished. In animals receiving NEM, the protective effects of these agents against injury by 40% ethanol were prevented. Perturbations in tissue levels of GSH under these various experimental conditions failed to correlate histologically with the status of gastric mucosal integrity.

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Ultrastructural features of the uterus in the sexually immature ostrich (Struthio camelus) during periods of ovarian inactivity and activity

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.4102/ojvr.v74i3.123 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 74 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M-C. Madekurozwa

Keyword(s):

Secretory Granules ◽

Columnar Epithelium ◽

Surface Epithelium ◽

Secretory Product ◽

Ciliated Cells ◽

Cell Type ◽

Struthio Camelus ◽

A Cell ◽

Ciliated Epithelial Cells ◽

Luminal Region

The ultrastructure of the surface epithelium and tubular glands of the uterus in the immature ostrich is described. In ostriches with inactive ovaries the uterus is lined by a non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium, with basally located heterochromatic nuclei. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that these non-ciliated cells have a dense microvillous cover. A simple columnar to pseudostratified columnar epithelium, comprised of non-ciliated and ciliated cells, lines the uterus in birds with active ovaries. The ciliated cells possess a wide luminal region, which contains a nucleus and various organelles. An accumulation of secretory granules was observed in the apical regions of the non-ciliated cells, as well as in a few ciliated cells. In addition to non-ciliated and ciliated cells, a cell type with rarefied cytoplasm was also identified. These cells appear to correspond to calcium secreting cells identified in other avian species. The results of this study indicate that, although uterine differentiation is present in immature ostriches with active ovaries, the production of secretory product appears to occur mainly in non-ciliated epithelial cells.

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Acid formation by permeable gastric glands: enhancement by prestimulation

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1985.248.5.g561 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 248 (5) ◽

pp. G561-G568 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S. J. Hersey ◽

L. Steiner

Keyword(s):

Proton Transport ◽

Gastric Gland ◽

Lactic Dehydrogenase ◽

Acid Formation ◽

Gastric Glands ◽

Mitochondrial Inhibitors ◽

Isolated Gastric Glands ◽

Exogenous Substrate ◽

Local Supply

Digitonin was used to render isolated gastric glands permeable. This procedure was found to release cellular lactic dehydrogenase without disrupting the parietal cell's ability to generate proton gradients. Optimal conditions for permeabilizing the glands were found to depend on the ratio of digitonin to gland concentration. Stimulation of the glands with histamine, forskolin, or 8-bromo-cAMP prior to digitonin treatment resulted in a marked enhancement of the subsequent ATP-dependent acid formation. This enhancement was not found with the cholinergic agonist carbachol. These results indicate that preservation of the active secreting state does not require the continued presence of soluble factors. Characterization of the ATP-dependent acid formation in prestimulated permeable glands showed a dependence on exogenous substrate and inhibition by the mitochondrial inhibitors oligomycin and atractyloside. Moreover, it was found that ADP could replace ATP in promoting acid formation. These results are interpreted to show that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation can serve as an in situ ATP-recycling system to provide a local supply of ATP for proton transport. The overall study demonstrates that the digitonin-permeabilized gastric gland preparation is a valuable model system for studying mechanisms of gastric proton transport.

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The cyphonautes larva of the marine bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. II. Internal sac, musculature, and pyriform organ

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z88-055 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 384-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Stephen A. Stricker ◽

Christopher G. Reed ◽

Russel L. Zimmer

Keyword(s):

Secretory Granules ◽

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Neck Region ◽

Adductor Muscle ◽

Ciliated Cells ◽

Membranipora Membranacea ◽

Dense Bodies ◽

Excretory Organ ◽

Glandular Cells ◽

Cytological Features

The internal sac, muscles, and pyriform organ of the cyphonautes larva of Membranipora membranacea (phylum Bryozoa, order Cheilostomata) were examined by light and electron microscopy. The internal sac is an ovoid, tripartite organ that lies near the larval gut. The posterior and lateral parts of the sac are composed of nonglandular epithelial cells and are referred to as the roof and wall regions, respectively. The neck region occurring at the anterior end of the sac is packed with large secretory granules and is folded posteriorly into the lumen surrounded by the roof and wall regions. A previously undescribed network of ciliated cells, which may constitute part of an excretory organ, occurs between the internal sac and the gut. Four major sets of muscles are present in the larva: (i) a single adductor muscle that attaches to the two valves of the larval shell and contains non-striated myofibers with conspicuous dense bodies, (ii) a pair of nonstriated sac muscles that extend between the shell and the roof region of the internal sac, (iii) two sets of striated lateral muscles which originate near the center of the shell and ramify along the sides of the larva, and (iv) a median band of striated myofibers located along both the anterior and posterior margins of the larva. The pyriform organ is a large neuroglandular complex located at the anterior end of the larva. The organ consists of (i) a median ciliated groove with an anteriorly positioned tuft of long cilia, (ii) numerous glandular cells surrounding the ciliated groove, and (iii) several discrete tracts of nerves with accompanying muscles. The cytological features of the internal sac, larval muscles, and pyriform organ are compared with those described for other bryozoan larvae.

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