"Liver as excretory organ": Developing Android-based flash learning media for middle school students

Studying the liver as an excretory organ is still a problem for students. The availability of learning media that can represent learning is urgently required. This study aims to develop and analyze the feasibility and practicality of Android-based flash learning media on the liver as an excretory organ for eighth-grade students. This Research and Development (R&D) uses the Borg and Gall model with a limit of up to stage seven. The results of expert validation show that learning media is included in the "very feasible" category according to media experts and material experts, with the percentage order of 86% and 95%. The media practicality by the teacher's response showed that media was categorized as very practical (94%). Then, student response toward the media was reached 85% and categorized as practical. The test of the effectiveness of learning media on critical thinking skills showed that there was a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores. The results of this study need to be continued at the next R&D stage to get the feasible product.

Salvia Miltiorrhiza Polysaccharides Alleviates Florfenicol-Induced Kidney Injury Via Modulation of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B (NF-κB) Signaling Pathway In Broilers

Kidney, as an important excretory organ in the body, is easily affected by various pathogenic factors. This research aimed to explore the mechanism of mitigative role of salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides（SMPs）on Florfenicol-caused renal injury in chickens. Kidney histological study and uric acid（UA）、creatinine (Cr)、urea nitrogen (BUN) contents in serum was performed to assess the effects of FFC and SMPs on kidneys. The expression of key factors in NF-κB pathway were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. We also used ELISA to detect the expression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the kidney. The results showed that SMPs could reduce the levels of UA, Cr, BUN and renal pathology of FFC-induced kidney injury, and reduce the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the kidney of broilers (P<0.05). 5.00 g/L SMPs inhibited the expression of NF-κBp65 and IκKβ in renal tissue, and the expression of IκBα was increased (P<0.05). Conclusion: SMPs treatment can protect kidney injury of broilers by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway.

A single origin of animal excretory organs

Excretion is an essential physiological process, carried out by all living organisms regardless of their size or complexity(1–3). Most animals, which include both protostomes (e.g. flies, flatworms) and deuterostomes (e.g. humans, sea urchins) (together Nephrozoa(4, 5)), possess specialized excretory organs. Those organs exhibit an astonishing diversity, ranging from units composed of just three distinct cells (e.g. protonephridia) to complex structures, built by millions of cells of multiple types with divergent morphology and function (e.g. vertebrate kidneys)(6, 7). Although some molecular similarities between the development of kidneys of vertebrates and the regeneration of the protonephridia of flatworms have been reported(8, 9), the molecular development of nephrozoan excretory organs has never been systematically studied in a comparative context(6). Here we show that a set of highly conserved transcription factors and structural proteins is expressed during the development of excretory organs of six species that represent major protostome lineages and non-vertebrate deuterostomes. We demonstrate that the molecular similarity witnessed in the vertebrate kidney and flatworm protonephridia(8) is also seen in the developing excretory organs of other Nephrozoa. In addition, orthologous structural proteins forming the ultrafiltration apparatus are expressed in all these organs in the filter-forming cells. Our results strongly suggest that excretory organs are homologous and are patterned by the conserved set of developmental genes. We propose that the last common nephrozoan ancestor possessed an ultrafiltration-based, ciliated excretory organ, a structure that later gave rise to the vast diversity of extant excretory organs, including the human kidney.Significance statementMost of the bilaterally symmetrical animals excrete through specialized excretory organs, such as kidneys and nephridia. However, due to the morphological diversity of these organs, it remains unknown whether those structures evolved from a common ancestral organ or appeared several times independently during evolution. In order to answer the question about the origin of excretory organs we investigated the molecular pathways and structural genes involved in the development of nephridia in 6 animal species representing major evolutionary lineages. We show that diverse excretory organs share an ancient molecular patterning and structural molecules. Our results provide strong evidence that all excretory organs originated from a single, simple organ that performed urine production by ultrafiltration in deep geological past.

Risk for death increasing with cardiovascular chronic gout patients associated with febuxostat

Febuxostat used for the treatment of patients with arthritis littered with Hyperuricemia and is utilized in its Chronic Management. a number of the internal organ adverse effects have diode to the employment of febuxostat replaced with with allopurinol drug. Febuxostat, associate degree compound accelerator matter, achieves its therapeutic result by decreasing humour acid. At therapeutic concentrations it is not expected that Febuxostat will inhibit different enzymes which are involved in purine and pyrimidine synthesis and their metabolism. Metabolism of Febuxostat is done by conjugation via uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes and also by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 and reaction via hemoprotein P450 (CYP) enzymes as well as CYP1A2, 2C8 and 2C9 and non-P450 enzymes. Febuxostat is eliminated primarily through each viscus and excretory organ pathways. Febuxostat could cause heart issues that may result in coronary failure, could cause issues within the blood vessels that visit your brain. this could conjointly result in stroke, urarthritis flare-ups and Liver injury. Some facet effects of febuxostat could occur that sometimes don't would like medical attention. We conclude from our review, vessel Death urarthritis patients with established vessel (CV) illness treated with febuxostat had a better rate of CV death compared to those treated with allopurinol drug in a very CV outcomes study.

Histology, serum biochemistry and haematological profiles of Clarias gariepinus fed diets containing Luffa cylindrica seedmeal

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of processing time, inclusion level and/or their interactions on serum biochemistry, haematology and histology of the liver and kidney of Clarias gariepinus fed diets containing Luffa cylindrica seedmeal. The five formulated diets were designated as control (CTR) and tested, replaced at 15 and 30% by 5- and 10-min toasted Luffa cylindrica seedmeal (D515T, D530T, D1015T and D1030T). The experimental design followed a 2×2 factorial experiment in a completely randomised design; the processing time of 5- and 10-min toasting and inclusion level of 15 and 30% serves as factors. Triplicate groups of each treatment were made. Blood sampling, harvesting of organs, serum biochemistry, histology and haematological studies followed standard procedures. The results of the study showed that the effect of processing time, inclusion level and their interactions had significant impact (p<0.05) on Clarias gariepinus. A decrease in RBC, PCV and Hb was observed when compared with control for inclusion level, processing time and/or their interaction. Total protein, albumin and globulin of the blood of fish fed diet CTR was not significantly different (p>0.05) from that of the blood of the fish fed D1015T. Mild to moderate vacuolation of the hepatocytes were recorded among the livers of fish fed control and test dietary treatments except those fed D1030T that recorded very severe vacuolation of the hepatocytes. The kidney, being the excretory organ, was also affected. However, normal cell architecture was recorded in fish fed CTR, D530T and D1030T.

Automatic Assesment of Pathological Disorder using Color Retinal Images

Our vision reduced in eye because of the presence of retinal diseases like Exudates(diabetic Retinopathy), small aneurysms and vessel harm. This project principally concentrates on the symptoms of heart, lung, liver and excretory organ issues identification mistreatment retina body structure pictures. Our planned work shows that however optic disc elimination and follower the symptom detection. Optic disc is one among the components that encompass intersection of blood vessels and it conjointly has same characteristics of exudates like yellow color, intensity and distinction. Distinguish the optic disc and exudates is crucial one. Thus solely initial eliminate the optic disc and follower that exudates detection. This detection methodology terribly favorably with existing and promise preparation of those systems small aneurysms area unit the initial stage of exudates.

Preparation and preliminary biological evaluation of 11C-l-SPD

Objective: To explore the method and quality control of [Formula: see text]C radiolabeled [Formula: see text]-SPD ([Formula: see text]-Stepholidine) and biodistribution of [Formula: see text]C-[Formula: see text]-SPD in vivo. Methods: (1) [Formula: see text]CO2 was produced by CTI RDS III cyclotron, converted [Formula: see text]CO2 to [Formula: see text]C–CH3I by CH3I die-block, and then converted it to [Formula: see text]C-Triflate–CH4, imported [Formula: see text]C-Triflate–CH4 to [Formula: see text]-SPD which was dissolved in Dimethyl sulfoxide [(CH3)2SO], reacted at common temperature and then obtained the product. (2) Take the sample of organs in different times 5, 15, 30, 60, 90[Formula: see text]min after injecting [Formula: see text]C-[Formula: see text]-SPD by vail in mice and measure the radioactive counts per minute (cpm), then the percent injection dose of wet tissue per gram (%ID/g) was calculated. Results: (1) The synthesis time of [Formula: see text]C-[Formula: see text]-SPD was 15 to 20[Formula: see text]min with chemical [Formula: see text]%, and PH values [Formula: see text], radiochemical [Formula: see text]% in 2[Formula: see text]h. All quality criteria of [Formula: see text]C-[Formula: see text]-SPD met the requirements of the positron radio-pharmaceuticals. (2) [Formula: see text]C-[Formula: see text]-SPD was of the characteristic that metabolism was through the liver, and kidney was the main excretory organ, which was [Formula: see text]%ID/g at 5[Formula: see text]min and was decreasing gradually, which was [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]ID/g in liver at 5[Formula: see text]min. Conclusion: (1) [Formula: see text]C-[Formula: see text]-SPD can be used to further study the animal or human. (2) [Formula: see text]C-[Formula: see text]-SPD could quickly discharge and decrease to the low level from background of issues in vivo.