scholarly journals Vaccine equity: a key to global economic recovery

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 5837
Author(s):  
Rohini Ghosh ◽  
Arabinda Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
World Population ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Lower Income Group ◽  
Global Population

Background: The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus- 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), has resulted in an unprecedented global public health and economic crisis. The cumulative number of cases is now over 200 million and the number of deaths exceeds 4.2 million. COVID-19 vaccination provides hope for an end to the pandemic, if and only if there would be equal access and optimal uptake in all countries around the world.Methods: The study on nine selected countries corroborates the relative importance of vaccination rate in reducing daily death as percentage of confirmed COVID- 19 cases.Results: Vaccination data has brought forth the gaping disparity in the process whereby lower income group countries with 8.6 percent of world population have received 0.3 percent of total vaccine dose as against high income countries with 15.7 percent of global population and have received 29.0.Conclusions: Spending for vaccination should be considered as an investment instead of expenditure. 

scholarly journals Financial Resources and Biomarkers of Aging in the National Health and Aging Trends Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 589-589
Author(s):  
Laura Samuel ◽  
Laken Roberts ◽  
Danielle Boyce ◽  
Melissa Hladek ◽  
Sarah LaFave ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hemoglobin A1c ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Financial Strain ◽  
Diabetes Diagnosis ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Sampling Weights ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lower Income Group ◽  
Biomarkers Of Aging

Abstract Lower income and financial strain (i.e. difficulty making ends meet) are associated with worse aging biomarkers, but evidence among nationally representative samples is limited. This cross-sectional study tested whether income to poverty ratio (analyzed separately for those <500% vs. ≥500% poverty threshold) and financial strain are associated with biomarkers of aging among NHATS participants aged ≥65 years (n=4,648), adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, gender, smoking, BMI, and diabetes diagnosis for hemoglobin A1c. Sampling weights were applied. Among those with incomes <500% poverty, higher income was associated with lower hemoglobin A1c (b= -0.0196, p=0.007), CMV (b= -0.0689, p<0.001) and CRP (b= -0.0428, p=0.012). Among those with incomes ≥500%, higher income was associated with lower IL-6 (b= -0.0001, p=0.023) and lower CMV (b= -0.0001, p<0.001). Financial strain was not associated with biomarkers. Income is more strongly associated with biomarkers among the lower income group, calling for special attention to this vulnerable population.

scholarly journals Development of VBA Program for Affordable Premium and Coverage for Lower Income Group in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noraini Manan ◽  
Nurhasniza Idham Abu Hasan ◽  
Nur Faezah Jamal ◽  
Nurhasnira Abu Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Income Group ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Lower Income Group

scholarly journals Cross Border Shopping from the Perspective of Domestic Tourists in Padang Besar, Perlis

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Azila Azmi ◽  
Nurdin Ibrahim ◽  
Aida Khalida Mohamed Idris ◽  
Zamri Ahmad ◽  
Norfezah Md Nor
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Lower Income Group ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Shopping Area ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
Border Town ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

Padang Besar is a border town in Malaysia and it is located in the northern part of Perlis, which shares a border with the province of Songkhla, Thailand. This border town is popular for shopping activities among Malaysian and Thai. Most visitors and tourists come during the weekends, sometimes up to thousands at one time. This research paper examines the motivations of cross border shoppers from the perspective of domestic tourists in Padang Besar, Perlis. The objective is to identify the consumer characteristics and analyze the relationship between market characteristics with cross border shopping. This study employs quantitative method and the data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Statistical software was used to analyze the 375 returned questionnaires. The findings revealed that most of the domestic tourists came from the lower income group and most of them were day tripper. They tend to spend more on food and beverages, while their average spending is more than RM300. Moreover, market characteristics show strong positive relationship towards this shopping activity. The information gathered is beneficial for both neighbouring countries as the government can help to improve the shopping area by facilitating the development with related tourism infrastructure and amenities.

scholarly journals 511Effects of educational activities prior to school entry are more important for socioeconomically disadvantaged children

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Gialamas ◽  
Dandara Haag ◽  
Murthy Mittinty ◽  
John Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Language Ability ◽  
Self Report ◽  
School Entry ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
Disadvantaged Children ◽  
Lower Income Group ◽  
Effect Measure Modification

Abstract Background We examined whether time in educational activities at 2-3 years and language ability at school entry differed among children from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Methods Data were drawn from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 4253). Educational activities were collected using time-use diaries. Household income was measured using parent self-report. Language ability was assessed using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Marginal structural models with inverse probability of treatment weights were used to assess modification of the effect of time spent in educational activities on language ability by income. Results Children exposed to both <30 minutes/day in educational activities and being in a low-income household were at greater risk of poorer outcomes than the simple sum of their independent effects. Compared with children who spent ≥30 minutes/day in educational activities and from higher-income households, children who experienced <30 minutes/day from low-income households had a 2.30 (95% CI: 1.88, 2.80) higher risk of having lower language ability. The Relative Excess Risk Due to Interaction of 0.15 (95% CI:-0.15, 0.67) was greater than zero indicating a super-additive effect measure modification by income. Conclusions Our results suggest that boosting time in educational activities to 30 minutes/day would benefit the lower-income group relatively more than the higher-income group. Key messages If there was an intervention of sufficient dose to increase the amount of time spent in educational activities to 30 minutes/day for children in the lower-income group, the risk of children having lower language ability at school entry could be reduced by 45%.

scholarly journals Prospective study of colposcopic screening of unhealthy cervix

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1467
Author(s):  
Pushpa Kannoujiya ◽  
Arpita Shrivastava ◽  
Tariq Ahmed Mala
Keyword(s):  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Lower Income Group ◽  
Obstetrics And Gynaecology ◽  
High Incidence

Background: The study was conducted to screen women who have abnormal vaginal discharge with Pap smear to do histopathological analysis of colposcopically directed biopsies.Methods: A prospective analytical study carried out in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology. The patients were randomly selected who fulfilled the selection criteria and was carried out to study the correlation of Pap smear and colposcopy in women with unhealthy cervix.   Results: Among all patients 13% were between 20-29 years, 38% were between 30- 39%, 31% belonging to 40-49 years group and 18% was between 50-59%.  Among 100 Women studied, 33% were illiterates, 55% had primary/high school education and 12% had Higher education Majority of the patients (68.7%) of CIN occurred in the age group of 30-49years, 41.7% with CIN were paragrvida 2, 43.8% with CIN were paragravida 3 and 18.6% were greater than paragravida 4 showing high incidence of CIN in multiparity.The incidence of CIN was found to be high among the lower income group 87.5%.The major presenting complains in the study patients were white discharge per vagina.Conclusions: Colposcopy was found to be useful in understanding the morphology of the cervical lesion, both of the neoplastic and nonneoplastic ones and was very helpful in planning their management. Cytology is an accepted method for screening for cervical cancer and the value of colposcopy has been recognized. Hence it may be better to utilize cervical cytology smear with colposcopy should be offered as a diagnostic method in all patients with unhealthy cervix.

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