scholarly journals Thyroid dysfunction in region of excess iodine intake of eastern Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
Zheng Feei Ma ◽  
Hongxia Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Iodine Excess ◽  
Excess Iodine

Iodine deficiency is one of most common micronutrient deficiencies worldwide, the consequences of excess iodine should not be ignored. Both chronic iodine excess and iodine deficiency can result in thyroid dysfunction in populations, especially children and pregnant women if not corrected. This is because children and pregnant women are very vulnerable to iodine deficiency and sensitive to iodine changes

scholarly journals SAT-442 The Impact of Chronic Excess Iodine Intake in Adult Mice Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izuki Amano ◽  
Yusuke Takatsuru ◽  
Asahi Haijima ◽  
Shogo Haraguchi ◽  
Noriyuki Koibuchi
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Behavioral Analysis ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Iodine Excess ◽  
Excess Iodine ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Iodine is one of the essential micronutrient which is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Thus, iodine deficiency may result in the hypothyroidism. Iodine deficiency is one of the most common causes of preventable mental retardation and brain damage in the world. On the other hand, Japanese iodine intake exceeds that of most other countries, due to the significant seaweed consumption such as kelp. The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare estimates average iodine consumption at 1.2mg/day in Japan. In contrast, the recommended tolerable upper intake levels for adult is 1.1 mg / day in the United States. Generally, Japanese takes twenty times higher amount of iodine than Americans. Iodine tolerance among individual humans varies greatly, and the excess iodine can cause both hyper- and hypo- thyroidism. Furthermore, the effect of thyroid dysfunction due to iodine excess on brain function has not been clarified. In this study, we generated a mouse models for chronic iodine excess and evaluated its effect on brain development. C57BL/6 dams and their pups mice were treated with KIO3 37.4mg/l through drinking water. Behavioral experiments (novel object recognition test, novel object in location test, visual discrimination test, and three-room social behavior test) were conducted at 10-weeks-old. After the behavioral analysis, mice were sacrificed to collect trunk blood and tissues. Excess iodine intake caused hypertrophy of thyroid follicles regardless of the administered dose. However, there were no differences in thyroid hormone status among groups. Thyroid hormone responsive genes in the hippocampus were also not affected in experiment group. In the behavioral analysis, female mice showed an increase in learning ability. In summary, although the chronic overdose of iodine does not affect thyroid hormone levels, it may affect cognitive learning function. The gender difference in the consequence was also observed. These results indicate that the chronic iodine excess may cause various changes, although the body is tolerable with excess iodine.

scholarly journals Iodine and Thyroid Function Status, and Anti-thyroid Peroxidase Antibody among Pregnant Women in Eastern Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalit Narayan Chaudhary ◽  
Saroj Khatiwada ◽  
Basanta Gelal ◽  
Sharad Gautam ◽  
Madhab Lamsal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody

Background: Iodine deficiency, thyroid dysfunction and development of thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy may affect mother and the developing fetus. This study was carried out to find iodine status, thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity among pregnant women.Methods: Ninety two pregnant women from three districts of eastern Nepal (Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa) were enrolled for the study, and urine and blood samples were collected. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), free thyroxine (free T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin and anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibody levels were estimated.Results: The median UIC, mean free T4 and TSH, median thyroglobulin and anti-TPO antibody in the pregnant women were 282.2 (158.42-376) μg/L, 1.14±0.41 ng/dL, 4.57±2.56 IU/mL, 6.5 (4.0-11.0) ng/mL, 1.52 (0.97-2.23) IU/mL respectively. In sufficient (<150 μg/L), adequate (150-249 μg/L) and above requirements (250-499 μg/L) iodine intake was observed in 17 (18.5%), 22 (23.9%) and 53 (57.6%) women respectively. Subclinical hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism were seen in 18 (19.5%) and 1(1.1%) women, respectively. Elevated thyroglobulin (>40 ng/mL) and positive anti-TPO antibody was observed in three (3.26%) women for both.Conclusions: Iodine intake was sufficient among pregnant women recently, however, chronic iodine deficiency persisted in small fraction of pregnant women. Mild thyroid dysfunction was common, and thyroid autoimmunity was present in small portion of Nepalese pregnant women population.Keywords: Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody; Iodine deficiency; Nepal; pregnant women; thyroid dysfunction.

scholarly journals Establishment of an iodine model for prevention of iodine-excess-induced thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1357-1364
Author(s):  
Yuhan Zhou ◽  
Fen Chen ◽  
Lingyu Wang ◽  
Chunhui Tian ◽  
Shuo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodine Excess ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Excessive Iodine Intake

Abstract This study aims to explore the relationship between the iodine status and thyroid dysfunction (TD) in pregnant women and establish a model to guide them to prevent excessive iodine intake. A total of 515 pregnant women were enrolled in the study. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), thyroid hormones, and thyroid autoantibodies were measured, and then a logistic regression model was established. The median UIC of pregnant women was 174 ± 120 μg/L. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that multivitamin supplements containing iodine and frequent seafood consumption were risk factors for excessive iodine (UIC ≥500 μg/L). Besides, excessive iodine was a risk factor for TD. Iodine excess was associated with a high prevalence of TD in pregnant women, especially TPOAb-positive women (P < 0.05). A logistic regression model based on potential risk factors was established to predict the risk of excessive iodine intake among pregnant women and provide guidance to minimize the risk of excessive iodine intake, thus reducing the risk of TD.

scholarly journals Iodoprophylaxis and thyroid autoimmunity: an update

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Teti ◽  
Marta Panciroli ◽  
Elena Nazzari ◽  
Giampaola Pesce ◽  
Stefano Mariotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Thyroid Antibodies ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
Iodine Excess

AbstractAdequate iodine intake is necessary for normal thyroid function. Iodine deficiency is associated with serious complications, but also iodine excess can lead to thyroid dysfunction, and iodine supplementation aimed to prevent iodine deficiency disorders has been associated with development of thyroid autoimmunity. The epidemiology of thyroid diseases has undergone profound changes since the implementation of iodoprophylaxis, notably by means of iodine-enriched salt, specifically resulting in decreased prevalence of goiter and neonatal hypothyroidism, improved cognitive function development in infancy, and reduced incidence of more aggressive forms of thyroid cancer. The main question we address with this review is the clinical relevance of the possible effect on autoimmunity exerted by the use of iodine-enriched salt to correct iodine deficiency. In animal models, exogenous iodine is able to trigger or exacerbate thyroid autoimmunity, but it is still not clear whether the observed immunological changes are due to a direct effect of iodine on immune response, or whether they represent a secondary response to a toxic effect of iodine on thyroid tissue. Previous iodine status of a population seems to influence the functional thyroid response to increased iodine intake and possibly the development of thyroid autoimmunity. Moreover, the prevalence of thyroid antibodies, regarded as hallmark of autoimmune thyroid disease, varies between populations under the influence of genetic and environmental factors, and the presence of thyroid antibodies does not always coincide with the presence of thyroid disease or its future development. In addition, the incidence of autoimmune diseases shows a general increasing trend in the last decades. For all these reasons, available data are quite heterogeneous and difficult to analyze and compare. In conclusion, available data from long-term population surveys show that a higher than adequate population iodine intake due to a poorly controlled program of iodine prophylaxis could induce thyroid dysfunction, including thyroid autoimmunity mostly represented by euthyroid or subclinical hypothyroid autoimmune thyroiditis. Close monitoring iodine prophylaxis is therefore advised to ensure that effects of both iodine deficiency and iodine excess are avoided.

Study of Urinary Iodine Level Assessment and its Relation to Thyroid Function during Pregnancy

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Shoukry Mohamed ◽  
Merhan Samy Nasr ◽  
Salah Hussien El-Halawany ◽  
Ahmed Mohamed Abbas ◽  
Salma Said Hassan Tayeh
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Iodine Excess ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Excess Iodine ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Iodine Level

Abstract Background The global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to poor monitoring, is currently a more frequent occurrence than iodine deficiency. Iodine excess is a precipitating environmental factor in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease. Aim of the study to evaluate the urinary iodine level as a marker of iodine status in pregnant women in 3rd trimester and assess its relation to thyroid functions. Patients and Methods This Cross Sectional Study was conducted on 100 subjects with their ages ranging from 18-35 years old, pregnant females, at the third trimester, selected from Obstetric Out- patient Clinic of Ain shams University Hospitals. Samples were collected from participants in cairo, during the Spring and Summer from March to August. Results in our study, there was a significant negative correlation between Urinary Iodine level and TSH as Iodine difficient group has the Highest TSH, and the Highest Thyroid Volume, as there was a significant negative correlation between Urinary Iodine level and Thyroid Volume. Conclusion TSH level and Thyroid Volume were global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to significantly higher in Iodine difficient group than Excess iodine group, And FT4 level was lower in Iodine difficient group than excess iodine group.

scholarly journals Prevalence of iodine deficiency among pregnant women in Gwembe and Sinazongwe districts of Southern Province, Zambia: a cross-sectional study

BMC Nutrition ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Kaile ◽  
Bornwell Sikateyo ◽  
Masauso M. Phiri ◽  
Charles Michelo
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Southern Province ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Urine Iodine

Abstract Background Maternal iodine deficiency is one of the common causes of morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. Maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy is associated with a number of adverse outcomes such as abortion, stillbirth, congenital anomalies, perinatal mortality and irreversible mental retardation. A study conducted in Zambia among pregnant women in 2013 on the prevalence of iodine deficiency showed that iodine deficiency was not a public health concern. The previous study used Urine Iodine concentration (UIC) as a marker of iodine deficiency among the pregnant women. Our study was conducted to assess the prevalence of iodine deficiency among pregnant women in Gwembe and Sinazongwe districts of Southern Province, Zambia, using urine iodine concentration and goitre presence by manual palpation. Methods We carried out a community based, cross sectional study in rural areas of Gwembe and Sinazongwe districts between April 2016 to March 2018. Data were collected from 412 pregnant women by a multistage cluster sampling technique. The presence of a goitre was examined by manual palpation and urinary iodine concentration was determined by the Ultra Violet Method using PerkinElmer Labda UV Spectrometer equipment made in Jena Germany (Model 107,745). As part of the existing baseline data, we used results of a 2013 countrywide study (n = 489) for household salt iodine content which showed a greater than 40 ppm at 76.2%, between 15 and 40 ppm at 19.21% and less than 15 ppm at 4.59%. Statistical analysis was done using Stata version 14.0. The outputs of analysis are presented as median and Interquartile range (IQR) as the urine data were not normally distributed. Further, the categorical and independent variables were presented as proportions (percentages) to describe the distribution and trends in the target sample population. Results The median Urine Iodine concentration (UIC) of the pregnant women was 150 μg/L (Interquartile Range (IQR): 100–200 μg/L). Based on the UIC, There were 49% pregnant women who had inadequate iodine intake with urine iodine concentration of less than 150 μg/L, 34.0% had UIC of 150–249 μg/L indicating adequate iodine intake, 13.0% with UIC of 250–499 μg/L indicating more than adequate iodine intake, and 5.0% with UIC of above 500 μg/L indicating excessive iodine intake. To determine whether the women had access to iodized salt, we used baseline data from 2013 Zambia national survey for iodine concentration in household salt samples as being an average of 40 ppm, which also showed that 95.41% households consumed adequately iodized salt (≥15 ppm). The prevalence of goitre in our study was very low at 0.02% among the pregnant women of all ages who participated in the study (18–49 years). Conclusion Iodine deficiency was still not a public health concern among the pregnant women of Gwembe and Sinazongwe districts of Southern Province in Zambia. Goitre prevalence has remained very low in this study area. The UIC and goitre observations were consistent with the Zambia National Food and Nutrition Commission findings in 2013 report. However, our study showed more pregnant women with insufficient than adequate iodine status indicating the risk of developing IDD is still high in this region. It also reinforces the argument that strengthening of the existing salt iodization program is needed in order to make a homogenous iodated salt available to the communities. The National Food and Nutrition Commission of Zambia needs to find innovative ways of sensitizing people about the adverse effects of IDDs and how these could be prevented. It is recommended that iodine supplementation be introduced as part of the package of Antenatal clinic care for all pregnant women.

scholarly journals Current status of iodine deficiency-related disorders prophylaxis in Slovakia – the life’s work of Julian Podoba remained unfinished

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Podoba ◽  
K Racova ◽  
H Urbankova ◽  
M Srbecky
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Current Status ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Prophylactic Measure

AbstractObjective. Prophylaxis of iodine deficiency-related disorders with iodized salt in Slovakia was introduced in 1951. This prophylactic measure yielded remarkably good results. Endemic goiter and endemic cretinism disappeared. Sufficient iodine intake, mainly in children and adolescents, was confirmed in several local and international studies carried out in the period 1991–95. Unfortunately, since seventies, there has been no institution which would have dealt with iodine prophylaxis in such an extent as this important measure of Slovak preventive medicine would require. Neither systematic monitoring of iodine intake nor systematic population epidemiological studies have been carried out. We do not have any data on the iodine intake in pregnant women, the most vulnerable population group in relation to the iodine deficiency. During the period June 2014 – October 2015, we examined iodine excretion in 426 probands from three regions of Slovakia with an emphasis on the pregnant women.Results. Iodine intake was found to be sufficient, even more than adequate, in all age groups of Slovak population. The only population group with iodine intake borderline or very mild iodine deficiency are pregnant women.Conclusions: 1/ Iodine nutrition in Slovakia is generally sufficient, even oversteps the requirement, with the exception of pregnant women. Iodine intake in pregnant women should be fortified by iodine containing multivitamin preparations. 2/ We recommend to include the examination of urinary iodine into the screening of thyropathies in early pregnancy. 3/ It is not enough to implement the iodine deficiency-related disorders prevention programs, it is also necessary to stabilize such programs over time and balance the benefits with possible side effects of this program.

scholarly journals Iodine Intake and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women in a Private Clinical Practice in Northwestern Sydney before Mandatory Fortification of Bread with Iodised Salt

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Blumenthal ◽  
Karen Byth ◽  
Creswell J. Eastman
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Antenatal Visit ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional

Aim. The primary objective of the study was to assess the iodine nutritional status, and its effect on thyroid function, of pregnant women in a private obstetrical practice in Sydney.Methods. It was a cross-sectional study undertaken between November 2007 and March 2009. Blood samples were taken from 367 women at their first antenatal visit between 7 and 11 weeks gestation for measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels and spot urine samples for urinary iodine excretion were taken at the same time as blood collection.Results. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) for all women was 81 μg/l (interquartile range 41–169 μg/l). 71.9% of the women exhibited a UIC of <150 μg/l. 26% of the women had a UIC <50 μg/l, and 12% had a UIC <20 μg/l. The only detectable influences on UIC were daily milk intake and pregnancy supplements. There was no statistically significant association between UIC and thyroid function and no evidence for an effect of iodine intake on thyroid function.Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of mild to moderate iodine deficiency in women in Western Sydney but no evidence for a significant adverse effect on thyroid function. The 6.5% prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is unlikely to be due to iodine deficiency.

scholarly journals Indicators of Iodine Status in Pregnancy and Postpartum in a Group of Pregnant Women from Perimarine Area of Romania

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Scrinic Olesea ◽  
Delia Corina Elena ◽  
Toma Geanina Mirela ◽  
Circo Eduard
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Creatinine ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Objective: Assessment of iodine nutritional status in pregnant women in the perimarine area of Romania, a region without iodine deficiency. Adequate iodine intake is the main source for normal thyroid function, ensuring the need for maternal thyroid hormones during pregnancy, but also for the development and growth of children in the fetal and postpartum period. Material and method: Prospective study performed on 74 pregnant women in the first 2 trimesters of pregnancy, originating from the perimarin area. The following indicators of iodine status were analyzed: urinary iodine concentration (UIC), the ratio between urinary iodine concentration and urinary creatinine (UIC/UCr), the prevalence of maternal goiter and the value of neonatal TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). Results: The mean gestational age was 11 weeks. The ways of iodine intake are: iodized salt - 59.4%, iodized salt and iodine supplements- 23%, only iodine supplements -10.8% and 6.8% consume only non-iodized salt. The median of UIC was 133.03 mcg/l considered insufficient iodine intake (normal in pregnancy UIC >150 mcg/l), but the adjustment of UIC to urinary creatinine reveals a median of 152.83 mcg/g, a value that reflects an adequate iodine intake. The prevalence of goiter was 25.6% characteristic for a moderate iodine deficiency. The prevalence of neonatal TSH >5 mIU/L was registered in 18.8% characteristic of mild iodine deficiency. Conclusions: Monitoring of the iodine nutritional status is recommended for the prevention of disorders due to iodine deficiency under the conditions of universal salt iodization. Perimarine areas considered sufficient in iodine may show variations in iodine status in subpopulations under certain physiological conditions, such as pregnancy. An indicator of iodine status of the population is UIC, but the UIC/UCr ratio may be a more optimal indicator for pregnant women, to avoid possible overestimated results of iodine deficiency in pregnancy.

scholarly journals Iodine Status in Schoolchildren and Pregnant Women of Lazio, a Central Region of Italy

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baldini ◽  
Virili ◽  
D’Armiento ◽  
Centanni ◽  
Ulisse
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys

The inhabitants of Lazio, similarly to those of other Italian regions, have been historically exposed to the detrimental effects of an inadequate intake of iodine. The latter is a micronutrient essential for the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (TH). Iodine deficiency is responsible for a number of adverse effects on human health known as iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), the most common of which worldwide are goiter and hypothyroidism. In order to reduce IDD, a national salt iodination program was started in Italy in 2005. In this article we reviewed the available data regarding iodine intake in the Lazio population before and after the introduction of the national salt iodination program, in order to evaluate its efficacy and the eventual problem(s) limiting its success. On the whole, the information acquired indicates that, following the introduction of the program, the dietary iodine intake in the Lazio population is improved. There is, however, still much work ahead to ameliorate the iodine prophylaxis in this region. In fact, although a generally adequate iodine intake in school-age children has been observed, there are still areas where a mild iodine insufficiency is present. Moreover, two independent epidemiological surveys on pregnant women evidenced a low urinary iodine concentration with respect to the reference range conceived by the World Health Organization. These findings demonstrate the need for greater attention to the iodine prophylaxis by health care providers (i.e., obstetricians, gynecologists, pediatricians, etc.), and the implementation of effective advertising campaigns aimed at increasing the knowledge and awareness of the favorable effects of iodine supplementation on population health.

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