scholarly journals Aspects of pharmacognostic evaluation of the herbs for a traditional antimalarial (maloff-hb) powdered formulation in ogbomoso, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
A.T.J. Ogunkunle ◽  
J.E. Ideh ◽  
G.F. Olaniran ◽  
F.O. Olu
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
International Association ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Herbal Drug ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Inadequate Information ◽  
Diagnostic Values ◽  
Tissue Maceration

Maloff-HB is a documented traditional oral powdered herbal drug in Ogbomoso, Nigeria whose botanical constituents, ascorbic acid and mineral elements composition have been quantified but there is inadequate information on the pharmacognostic properties of the nine herbal materials for its formulation. This study therefore sought to elucidate the bark and wood anatomy of eight of the nine herbs used in the formulation, and identify the diagnostic markers for their authentication. The conventional anatomical techniques of transverse sectioning (TS) and tissue maceration (TIM) were used to draw out 21 characteristics from the root barks of the eight woody species studied. In addition, 41 features of the wood in the roots of three of the species were drawn using TS, transverse longitudinal sectioning (TLS), radial longitudinal sectioning (RLS) and TIM. Following staining, mounting and microscopic examinations, the observed qualitative and quantitative features were taxonomically described in accordance with the provisions of International Association of Wood Anatomists, and their diagnostic values among the medicinal herbs were explored. Bark anatomical markers that are clearly diagnostic of the species studied included features of the secondary cortex, phloem rays, axial parenchyma, sclereids and resin ducts. In the wood, these included features of the vessels in the TS and variable ray characteristics in the TLS. The two artificial keys obtained from discontinuities in qualitative and quantitative features observed in the barks and the woods are useful tools for reliable identification of the herbal materials studied.

scholarly journals Evaluation of some pharmacognostic parameters of the herbs for a traditional hematinic (Haematol -B) powdered formulation in Ogbomoso, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-62
Author(s):  
J.E. Ideh ◽  
A.T.J Ogunkunle ◽  
G.F. Olaniran ◽  
F.O. Olu
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
International Association ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Herbal Drug ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Inadequate Information ◽  
Diagnostic Values ◽  
Tissue Maceration

The traditional hematinic oral powdered herbal drug (Haematol-B) from Ogbomoso, Nigeria had been characterized in terms of its botanical constituents, ascorbic acid and mineral elements composition, but there is inadequate information on the pharmacognostic properties of the ten herbal materials for its formulation. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluatethe bark and wood anatomy (as appropriate) of seven of these herbs with a view to highlighting the diagnostic markers for their authentication. Following the conventional anatomical procedures of transverse sectioning (TS) and tissue maceration (TIM), a total of 21 characters were drawn from the barks (root or stem as appropriate) of the seven woody species studied, while 41 characteristics of the wood in the roots of three of the species were compiled using TS, transverse longitudinal sectioning (TLS), radial longitudinal sectioning (RLS) and TIM techniques. Staining, mounting and microscopic examinations followed, and the observed features were taxonomically described in accordance with the provisions of International Association of Wood Anatomists. Their diagnostic values among the medicinal herbs studied were also explored. The bark anatomical features that can be used to diagnose the species studied were those of the secondary cortex, phloem rays, axial parenchyma, sclereids and resin ducts. The wood anatomical markers included features of the vessels in the TS and variable ray characteristics in the TLS. The two artificial keys constructed from discontinuities in qualitative and quantitative anatomical features of the barks and the wood are useful tools for avoiding misidentification of the herbal materials studied.

Comparative wood anatomy of Eucryphia wilkiei and E. jinksii (Cunoniaceae): two narrow endemics from Queensland, Australia

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 739
Author(s):  
Imogen Poole ◽  
Richard W. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Anatomical Data ◽  
Narrow Endemics ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy

Qualitative and quantitative wood anatomical data are given for two narrow Queensland endemic Eucryphia species, E. wilkiei B.Hyland and Eucryphia jinksii P.I.Forst. Comparisons of wood anatomy of all extant Eucryphia taxa show that E. jinksii and E. wilkiei are distinct from each other, and other Eucryphia species. However, for both species characters relating to perforation plates, helical thickening (E. wilkiei only) and fibres are shared with the South American species, whereas the presence of crystals in the axial parenchyma is shared only with the Australian species. These data suggest that, based on wood anatomy, E. jinksii and E. wilkiei are basal among Australian species.

scholarly journals The rooting, survival and growth of woody species on tailing dumps in the limestone quarry “Lafarge ciment”

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1(22)) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Petru Cuza ◽  
◽  
Corina Certan ◽  
Constantin Bulimaga ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Black Pine ◽  
Limestone Quarry ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Fast Growing Species

The rooting, the survival and dynamics of growths in the height and after the diameter of the seedlings, of a range of woody species, had investigated on the freshly formed sterile dump limestone quarry „Lafarge Ciment”. The seedlings of the woody species had a relatively good rooting (69-99%). A high degree of rooting can be ensured as a result of the maintenance of forest crops. After planting, the young seedlings must be cared for by hoeing as many times as necessary in order to control the weeds and maintain moisture in the soil, which increases the survival of the seedlings. Tree species have been characterized by a different growth rate. Acacia has showed a very rapid increase in height, but the black pine has been characterized by a slow growth. Acacia being a fast-growing species and unpretentious to the mineral elements in the soil can be used to afforest the limestone quarry land. In the fi rst year after planting, the young seedlings, otherwise sensitive to the action of the environmental factors, had an increase in height and in diameter slow and uneven. In the years that followed, the seedlings became more viable and less infl uenced by local and temporal fl uctuations of environmental factors.

scholarly journals A contribution to the identification of charcoal origin in Brazil III: microscopic identification of 10 Cerrado species

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaís A. P. Gonçalves ◽  
Julia Sonsin-Oliveira ◽  
Silvana Nisgoski ◽  
Carmen R. Marcati ◽  
Adriano W. Ballarin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Illegal Logging ◽  
Charcoal Production ◽  
Microscopic Description ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Scanning Electron

Brazil has one of the richest biodiversities in the world. The Brazilian savanna is a hotspot for conservation priorities and its deforestation is of global concern. Conservation in this biome is threatened by unsustainable use of forests, such as illegal logging for charcoal production. Thus, government agents need to verify whether charcoal loads follow the Document of Forestry Origin (DOF). To improve charcoal identification, our study presents the microscopic description of 10 Cerrado species and provides an identification key to aid government agents during surveillance. We analysed charcoal samples with a scanning electron microscope. The method of carbonisation simulated real conditions. We chose species with similar wood anatomy (sparse axial parenchyma and narrow rays), which increases misidentification by forest controllers because of their difficulty to identify these features. Also, paratracheal scanty, diffuse and diffuse-in-aggregates parenchyma were harder to recognise in charcoal than in wood. Other features, such as vessels, rays and abundant axial parenchyma, were easily identified. The present work can be used as a part of a charcoal anatomy database focussed on preventing deforestation in Brazil and in other countries with similar problems.

Wood anatomy of historic French violin bows made of Pernambuco wood

IAWA Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-332
Author(s):  
Tahysa Mota Macedo ◽  
Cecília Gonçalves Costa ◽  
Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima ◽  
Claudia Franca Barros
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
High Quality ◽  
String Instruments ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
Brazilian Northeast

Abstract Paubrasilia echinata is recognized as the best wood in the manufacture of high-quality bows for string instruments. The wood anatomy of five historic French violin bows of the 19th and 20th century made of Pernambuco wood were investigated in order to reveal the wood anatomic features of these historical bows, to determine which P. echinata morphotype (arruda, café or laranja) was used in their manufacture and to identify the state of origin of the wood. Five bow samples were compared to 33 P. echinata specimens from the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte. The wood anatomical features were compared by means of principal component analysis, which revealed the type of axial parenchyma and percentage of tissue to be the most important to sort specimens. The best wood anatomical features previously described for high-quality bows were corroborated here and the bows in general showed similar wood anatomical features. Based on wood anatomy we found that the violin bows were most similar to the samples from the arruda morphotype derived from the States of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte by presenting scanty, unilateral and vasicentric axial parenchyma without confluences forming bands, higher percentage of fibres and lower percentage of axial parenchyma. We can therefore suggest that the historical French violin bows studied here were all made of the arruda morphotype from the Brazilian Northeast region helping explain the preference of the French explorers for this region.

Wood Anatomy of Elm (Ulmus) and Hackberry (Celtis) Species Native to the United States

IAWA Journal ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Wheeler ◽  
C. A. LaPasha ◽  
R. B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Celtis Pallida ◽  
Diffuse Porous

Wood anatomy of Ulmus and Celtis species (Ulmaceae) native to the United States is described. Ulmus differs from ring-porous species of Celtis in ray structure, crystallocation, and colour and fluorescence of water extracts. The soft elms/non-winged bark species (Ulmus americana and Ulmus rubra) differ from the hard elms/winged bark species (U. alata, U. crassifolia, U. serotina, and U. thomasii) in density, earlywood pore diameter, and appearance of crystal-containing axial parenchyma. Some species of hard elm can be distinguished from one another by a combination of characters: water extract colour and fluorescence, earlywood pore diameter and spacing. The anatomy of ring-porous species of Celtis is unifonn, except that in C. reticulata earlywood pores have a smaller radial diameter than the other species. Celtis pallida is diffuse-porous and resembles other diffuse-porous species of the genus. Vessel element lengths are similar for all species within these two genera regardless of habitat.

Wood anatomy of Cupressus and its relation to geographical distribution

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Román-Jordán ◽  
Luis G. Esteban ◽  
Paloma de Palacios ◽  
Francisco G. Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Central American ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis ◽  
The North ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

The wood anatomy of 14 species of Cupressus was studied to determine whether there is a pattern of wood anatomical diversity between the species from the North and Central American (western) region and the Eurasian (eastern) region. Xanthocyparis vietnamensis and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (syn. Xanthocyparis nootkatensis) were also studied to compare their wood anatomy, given their recent inclusion by some authors in Cupressus. The arrangement of the axial parenchyma, morphology of the transverse end walls of the axial parenchyma, presence of ray tracheids, typology of the end walls of the ray parenchyma cells and ray height support to some extent the division of Cupressus into two large groups: the American group (western region) and the Eurasian group (eastern region), as proposed in molecular phylogenetic studies. The wood anatomy of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis shares the presence of ray tracheids and the same ray typology with American Cupressus, and has the same ray height as Eurasian Cupressus. In contrast, Xanthocyparis vietnamensis shares the absence of ray tracheids and the same ray typology with Eurasian Cupressus, and has the same ray height as American Cupressus.

Wood anatomy of the neotropical liana lineage Paullinia L. (Sapindaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-300
Author(s):  
Joyce G. Chery ◽  
Israel L. da Cunha Neto ◽  
Marcelo R. Pace ◽  
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez ◽  
Chelsea D. Specht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Phylogenetic Constraint ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Functional Implications ◽  
Cambial Variants

Abstract The liana genus Paullinia L. is one of the most speciose in the neotropics and is unusual in its diversity of stem macromorphologies and cambial conformations. These so-called “vascular cambial variants” are morphologically disparate, evolutionarily labile, and are implicated in injury repair and flexibility. In this study, we explore at the finer scale how wood anatomy translates into functions related to the climbing habit. We present the wood anatomy of Paullinia and discuss the functional implications of key anatomical features. Wood anatomy characters were surveyed for 21 Paullinia species through detailed anatomical study. Paullinia woods have dimorphic vessels, rays of two size classes, and both septate and non-septate fibers. Fibriform vessels, fusiform axial parenchyma, and elements morphologically intermediate between fibers and axial parenchyma were observed. Prismatic crystals are common in the axial and/or ray parenchyma, and laticifers are present in the cortex and/or the early-formed secondary phloem. Some features appear as unique to Paullinia or the Sapindaceae, such as the paucity of axial parenchyma and the abundance of starch storing fibers. Although many features are conserved across the genus, the Paullinia wood anatomy converges on several features of the liana-specific functional anatomy expressed across distantly related lianas, demonstrating an example of convergent evolution. Hence, the conservation of wood anatomy in Paullinia suggests a combination of phylogenetic constraint as a member of Sapindaceae and functional constraint from the liana habit.

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