scholarly journals Structure of second-grade diminutives in Czech and Slovak. A corpus-based synchronic-diachronic analysis

Author(s):  
Renáta Gregová

In Slavic languages, diminutivization is a highly productive morphological process. A diminutive marker can be attached to nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. Secondary or even multiple diminutives are also possible. Considering the combinability of diminutive suffixes in nouns, Manova and Winternitz (2011) claim that only productive DIM1 suffixes function as DIM2 suffixes. The aim of this paper is to verify this idea on the basis of the analysis of data from Czech and Slovak. The DIM2 for the analysis were excerpted from the corpora. Neither Czech nor Slovak current sources apprehend diminutive markers as combinations of primary and secondary diminutive suffixes. The complex character of secondary diminutivizers is understood as a diachronic issue. Therefore, a historical analysis of all secondary diminutives was necessary. The research proved the assumption about the combinability of diminutive markers. The analysis also revealed that unproductive DIM2 suffixes are attached by substitution in both languages.

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Rajdeep Singh

Negative prefixing has always been an important and intriguing morphological process, through which adjectives are formed in many different languages. However, there are limits to negative prefixing. In this study, we introduce the novel concept of Polarity Flexibility, through which the limitations for the negative prefixing are accounted for. Furthermore, we conducted an experiment to investigate whether the PF is an active cognitive process. The results of the experiment confirm our hypothesis and the fact that Polarity Flexibility does indeed influence the cognitive processing. In our study, we introduce the notion of the syntactic arrangement which influences the negative prefixing. Therefore, we compare Russian, Persian, Spanish and English in negative prefixing to show how much the cognitive processes are influenced by the syntactic formations. Russian as a representative of Slavic languages brings an important insight into the way syntax plays role in the semantic-cognitive context.


2016 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 167-190
Author(s):  
Dragana Ratković

Derivatives with the -i- / -i/y- interfix and a verb as the first component in Serbian, Russian and PolishThe paper gives a comparative historical analysis of derivative words with the i / i/y- interfix and a verb as the first component in Serbian, Russian and Polish from the standpoint of contemporary Slavic morphology (derivatology). The aim is to provide their description in terms of semantic variation. The author ascertains that all the three languages feature a derivational model of forming expressive lexis by means of the i / i/y- interfix, predominantly nouns, of mostly humorous and pejorative meaning. A special group is formed by onyms (nicknames turned surnames, but also toponyms, oronyms, hydronyms etc). This type of words first occurred in Serbian and Russian in the thirteenth century (possibly in Serbian in the eleventh century), and in Polish in the fifteenth century. Judging by the available sources, derivatives with the i- interfix appear frequently in historical as well as modern Serbian, Polish and Russian (much more in Serbian and Polish than in Russian). In Serbian and Russian pre-nineteenth-century sources chiefly given names and nicknames-turnedsurnames were noted (in Russian, also some animal and plant names as well as abstract nouns). In Old Polish, words of the discussed kind are zoological and botanical lexemes; from Middle Polish on, the lexemes encompass all semantic categories characteristic of modern Serbian and Russian. It should, however, be stressed that the inaccessibility of the spoken language as well as the limited number of sources introduce considerable uncertainty to observations regarding the time of origin and vocabulary of the first centuries of Slavic languages. This applies especially to expressively marked lexemes, a considerable portion of which is constituted by common nouns of the “A (verb) + -i- / -i/y- + B” model. In contemporary Serbian, Polish and Russian, the lexis formed by means of this derivational model is almost equally developed conceptually and relates predominantly to the same phenomena. Expressive words in all three languages are formed in the processes of metonymisation, metaphorisation, personification, hyperbolization and grotesque, and are characterized by numerous derivational and semantic equivalents. Derywaty z interfiksem -i- / -i/y- oraz pierwszym członem czasownikowym w języku serbskim, rosyjskim oraz polskimArtykuł zawiera analizę historyczno-porównawczą wyrazów z interfiksem -i- / -i/y- oraz pierwszym członem czasownikowym (modelu A (czas.) + -i- / -i/y- + B) w języku serbskim, rosyjskim oraz polskim z punktu widzenia współczesnej derywatologii slawistycznej. Celem badań jest opis analizowanych derywatów według ich zróżnicowania znaczeniowego. Autorka wykazuje, że we wszystkich trzech językach według tego modelu słowotwórczego powstaje przede wszystkim słownictwo ekspresywne, głównie rzeczowniki, o znaczeniu żartobliwym i pejoratywnym. Taki typ wyrazów w języku serbskim i rosyjskim pojawia się po raz pierwszy w źródłach z XIII wieku (możliwe, że w serbskim już w XI w.), natomiast w polszczyźnie w przebadanym materiale z XV wieku. Sądząc po źródłach, model słowotwórczy, według którego tworzone są analizowane wyrazy, jest produktywny we wszystkich trzech językach, zarówno w ich stadium historycznym, jak i w języku współczesnym, przy czym w języku serbskim i polskim jest takich derywatów więcej niż w języku rosyjskim. W źródłach sprzed XIX stulecia w języku serbskim i rosyjskim odnotowano głównie imiona i przydomki przetworzone w nazwiska (w języku rosyjskim również pewne nazwy zwierząt i roślin oraz rzeczowniki abstrakcyjne). W staropolszczyźnie jest to leksyka zoologiczna i botaniczna, а w dobie średniopolskiej wyrazy modelu A (czas.) + -i/y- + B obejmują prawie wszystkie kategorie pojęciowe, do których przynależą wyrazy tego modelu we współczesnym języku serbskim i rosyjskim. W tym miejscu należy podkreślić, że brak dostępu do języka mówionego, a także ograniczona liczba zabytków sprawiają, że spostrzeżenia dotyczące czasu powstania czy zasobów leksykalnych pierwszych wieków słowiańszczyzny pisanej obarczone są dużym stopniem niepewności. Dotyczy to w szczególności leksemów o nacechowaniu ekspresywnym, wśród których wyraźną grupę stanowią wyrazy pospolite modelu A (czas.) + -i- / -i/y- + B. We współczesnym języku serbskim, rosyjskim oraz polskim leksyka tego modelu jest podobnie zróżnicowana znaczeniowo i dotyczy zazwyczaj tych samych zjawisk. Ekspresywy we wszystkich trzech językach powstają w wyniku procesów metonimizacji, metaforyzacji, personifikacji, hiperbolizacji oraz przy zastosowaniu groteski i charakteryzują się licznymi ekwiwalentami słowotwórczo-semantycznymi.


Linguistics ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stela Manova

Affixation is a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme, an affix, is attached to a morphological base. Diachronically, the English word affix was first used as a verb and has its origin in Latin: affixus, past participle of the verb affigere, ad- ‘to’ + figere ‘to fix’. Affixation falls in the scope of Morphology where bound morphemes are either roots or affixes. Prefixes (affixes that precede the root) and suffixes (affixes that follow the root) are the most common types of affixes cross-linguistically. Affixes mark derivational (-er in teach-er) and inflectional (-s in teacher-s) changes, and affixation is the most common strategy that human languages employ for derivation of new words and word forms. However, languages vary in the ways they express the same semantics, and if in English the noun biolog-ist is derived from biology through the addition of the suffix -ist, in Russian (and other Slavic languages) the same derivation does not involve the addition of an affix but subtraction of form: biolog-ija ‘biology’ → biolog ‘biologist’. Most languages make an extensive use of affixes (most European, African, Australian, and Amerindian languages are of this type), whereas others (e.g., Vietnamese), hardly do. In languages that use affixes, there is a general preference for suffixes over prefixes.


Linguistics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1369-1412
Author(s):  
Kristel Van Goethem ◽  
Nikos Koutsoukos

Abstract Category change and recategorization processes have received renewed attention in recent years. In this paper, we focus on the shift from noun to adjective on the basis of a corpus-based study of the Dutch lexical item luxe ‘luxury; luxurious’. What is particularly interesting about this case is that in some contexts luxe combines nominal and adjectival properties (e.g. een erg luxe hotel ‘a very luxury/luxurious hotel’) and displays some intersective gradience. We will investigate to what extent luxe exhibits the typical profile of an adjective in present-day Dutch by applying a specific set of synchronic criteria, in addition to a diachronic analysis of the data, and by taking into account regional variation between Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch. This detailed data analysis will allow us to examine which type of recategorization process is responsible for the N>A shift. Since the category change is not formally marked, we will examine whether we are dealing with a case of conversion (a regular morphological process of category change) or syntactic transposition (the ad hoc use of a lexical item in a syntactic context typical of another category). We will conclude that this particular type of change cannot be correctly attributed to either conversion or syntactic transposition and that a new type of category change should be considered responsible for this case and similar ones, i.e. “morphological transposition”. This process takes place within attributive compounds and is followed by a process of debonding and further context expansion.


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Rajdeep Singh

Negative prefixing has always been an important and intriguing morphological process, through which adjectives are formed in many different languages. However, there are limits to negative prefixing. In this study, we introduce the novel concept of Polarity Flexibility, through which the limitations for the negative prefixing are accounted for. Furthermore, we conducted an experiment to investigate whether the PF is an active cognitive process. The results of the experiment confirm our hypothesis and the fact that Polarity Flexibility does indeed influence the cognitive processing. In our study, we introduce the notion of the syntactic arrangement which influences the negative prefixing. Therefore, we compare Russian, Persian, Spanish and English in negative prefixing to show how much the cognitive processes are influenced by the syntactic formations. Russian as a representative of Slavic languages brings an important insight into the way syntax plays role in the semantic-cognitive context.


1973 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis G. Castles

RECENT YEARS HAVE SEEN THE RECRUDESCENCE OF AN HISTORICAL dimension in comparative political studies, which is almost certainly a reflection of the increased interest in problems of political development that began to be seriously displayed from the early 1960s onwards. Among the more interesting contributions in this respect have been Lipset's, and, in particular, Rokkan's, working-out of a diachronic analysis of patterns of political cleavage and resulting party systems, the increasing focus on crises and sequences in political development, and, of course, Barrington Moore's historical analysis of the Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. All these approaches have in common an attempt to infuse the generalizing and typological approach so typical of the modern social sciences with a deeper historical appreciation of the particular contexts within which political change occurs.


2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-293
Author(s):  
Mihail V. Mihail V. Mosin ◽  
Natalya M. Mosina

Introduction. In the languages of different systems, there are many cases when the morphemic structure of a word is not clear. As a result of a comparative analysis of a word with etymologically related words and their reconstructed stems and meanings, single-morphemic, root and polymorphic words consisting of two or more morphemes are distinguished. Considering the nature of structural changes in a word and their nature in linguistics, there is simplification, re-decomposition, truncation of the stem and others. The article describes simplification, one of the most common processes of changing the morphological structure of a word based Mordovian (Moksha and Erzya) and Baltic-Finnish (Finnish and Estonian) languages. Materials and methods. The method of comparative historical analysis allows us to state that many Finno-Ugric foundations have retained the old morphological structure. After the collapse of the former linguistic unity for several millennia of independent development, significant changes took place in each of the languages that affected the morphological structure of the stem. Results and discussion. In connection with the morphological process of simplification, the structure of the primary Finno-Ugric stem of a number of words began to differ significantly from their structural design in the later periods of the development of the Finno-Ugric languages (Finno-Permian, Finno-Volga) and, moreover, their current state. This process covered a large number of the stems of the general vocabulary of the compared languages. All simplified stems can be attributed to different periods of language development. The connection of the ancient Finno-Ugric language with other languages led to numerous borrowings of tokens with which various morphological and morphological structures penetrated and gradually established themselves in the Finno-Ugric language. The latter partially adapted in the Finno-Ugric language system, and partially continued to maintain a special look. Conclusion. The morphological process of simplification took place at different periods in the development of the Mordovian and Baltic-Finnish languages, namely in the Finno-Ugric, Finno-Permian, Finno-Volga periods of their separate development.


1975 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Wertz ◽  
Michael D. Mead

Typical examples of four different speech disorders—voice, cleft palate, articulation, and stuttering—were ranked for severity by kindergarten, first-grade, second-grade, and third-grade teachers and by public school speech clinicians. Results indicated that classroom teachers, as a group, moderately agreed with speech clinicians regarding the severity of different speech disorders, and classroom teachers displayed significantly more agreement among themselves than did the speech clinicians.


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