scholarly journals Contextualization of the19th century Islamic law in Buton (a study on Sultan Muhammad Idrus Qaimuddin thought about mawaris)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-287
Author(s):  
Muhammad Alifudin ◽  
Moh. Toriqul Chaer ◽  
Fitriah M. Suud
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Literary Research ◽  
Local Character ◽  
Hermeneutic Approach ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

This was a literary research about the contextualization of Islamic Law in Buton in the 19th Century. It proved a descriptive data about the paradigmatic basis used by Idrus Qaimuddin to re-actualize Islamic law in Buton. It utilized Von Eckartsberg’s phenomenological hermeneutic approach combined with Miles and Huberman’s analysis model. The study concluded that Idrus thought about mawaris was designed based on the Butonese needs and local character. It was product of Al-Qur’an constructed based on the spirit of reformation by prioritizing justice aspects to create social and cultural fairness. His attempt to re-interpret the mawaris verse showed his view on the text as something alive so that it needs a dialogue with condition and realities. Even though he did not explore much potentials of Islamic thurats which could enrich his views on mawaris, at least his thought proved that in the beginning of the 19th century, there was an Islamic scholar attempting to re-actualize Islamic teaching in this archipelago.

CAPRICCIOʼS GENRE IN MANDOLIN MUSIC AT THE END OF THE 19th – THE EARLY OF THE 20th CENTURIES (for example of the concert pieces by С. Munier)

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
N. V. Bashmakova ◽  
K. V. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Concert Works ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The purpose of this article is process of analyzing in reference to concert capriccio by C. Munier for mandolin with piano («Bizzarria», op. 201, Spanish сapriccio, op. 276) from the point of view of their genre specificity. Methodology. The research is based on the historical approach, which determines the specifics of the genre of Capriccio in the music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and in the work of C. Munier; the computational and analytical methods used to identify the peculiarities of the formulation and the performing interpretation of the original concert pianos for mandolins with piano that, according to the genre orientation (according to the composerʼs remarks), are defined as capriccio. Scientific novelty. The creation of Florentine composer,61mandolinist-vertuoso and pedagog C. Munier, which made about 300 compositions, is exponential for represented scientific vector. Concert works by C. Munier for mandolin and piano, created in the capriccio genre, were not yet considered in the art of the outdoors, as the creativity and composer’s style of the famous mandolinist. Conclusions. Thus, appealing to capriccio by С. Munier, which created only two works, embodied in them virtually all the evolutionary stages of the development of genre. In his opus of this genre there are a vocal, inherent in capriccio of the 17th century solo presentation, virtuosity, originality, which were embodied in the works of 17th – 18th centuries and the national color of the 19th century is clearly expressed. Thus, the Spanish capriccio is a kind of «musical encyclopedia» of national dance, which features are characteristic features of bolero, tarantella, habanera, and so forth. The originality of opus number 201 – «Bizzarria», is embodied in the parameters of shaping (expanded cadence of the soloist in the beginning) and emphasized virtuosity, which is realized in a wide register range, a variety of technical elements.

Reasons for the Onset of the Uniat Clergy’s Movement Towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the Beginning of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 293-317
Author(s):  
Protopriest Alexander Romanchuk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Latin Church ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Church Service ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article studies the system of pre-conditions that caused the onset of the uniat clergy’s movement towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the beginning of the 19th century. The author comes to the conclusion that the tendency of the uniat clergy going back to Orthodoxy was the result of certain historic conditions, such as: 1) constant changes in the government policy during the reign of Emperor Pavel I and Emperor Alexander I; 2) increasing latinization of the uniat church service after 1797 and Latin proselytism that were the result of the distrust of the uniats on the part of Roman curia and representatives of Polish Catholic Church of Latin church service; 3) ecclesiastical contradictions made at the Brest Church Union conclusion; 4) division of the uniat clergy into discordant groups and the increase of their opposition to each other on the issue of latinization in the first decades of the 19th century. The combination of those conditions was a unique phenomenon that never repeated itself anywhere.

Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Sokoto Caliphate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray Last
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Local Markets ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Sokoto Caliphate ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
The 19Th Century

Established using a conventional Islamic model of government, the new Muslim state in Sokoto, known as the Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903), possessed eventually very large numbers of men, women, and children, taken captive (usually when children) in jihad from mainly non-Muslim communities, to serve as slaves. These slaves worked on farms or within households, they might be concubines and bear children for their owners; or they might be sold as children for export to North Africa in payment for the luxury imports the new elite wanted. Slaves were, under Islamic law, deemed “minors” or “half-persons,” and so had rights that differed from those of the free Muslim. By the end of the 19th century there were more slaves on the local markets than could be sold; exports of captives to North Africa had already dropped. For some captives enslaved as children, however, the career as a slave led eventually to high political positions, even to owning many slaves of their own. But slaves’ property, even their children, ultimately belonged to the slave’s owner. Revolts by male slaves were very rare, but escape was commonplace. Concubines, if they ever became pregnant by their owner, could not be sold again. The abolition of slavery c.1903 was slow to become a reality for many individual slaves, whether men or women.

Brazilian Historiography in the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Lima Nicodemo ◽  
Pedro Afonso Cristovão dos Santos ◽  
Mateus Henrique de Faria Pereira
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Personal Archives ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Public Archives ◽  
The 19Th Century

Brazilian historiography in the 19th century stands for a variety of practices and ways of doing history. In the beginning of the century, the writing of history assumed a specific color after the arrival of the Portuguese Court in 1808, who were escaping the invasion of Portugal by Napoleonic troops. After political independence from Portugal (1822), this writing had to deal with the questions that occupied the minds of its authors, people mostly close to or part of the political elite of the country. Forging a nationality through history, dealing with the tensions between local affiliations and the nation-state, placing indigenous and African peoples in the historical narrative, combining an exemplary history with future-oriented thinking, and using history for international relations issues (such as boundaries disputes) were among the motivations and preoccupations involved in that work. Underlying it all, the myriad ways of writing history in the 19th century had to do with the ways the authors circulated among a world of public archives in the making, personal archives available through certain connections, booksellers, publishers, oral informants, and a changing community of readers and critics that were conforming and disputing rules of acceptability as to what could be considered a work of history. Thinking about the Brazilian historiography of the 1800s as a way of combining practices of archiving, reading, copying, writing, and evaluating can help us understand the remarkable variety of histories and historiographical works written in the period.

De-pathologizing Creativity: Psychobiograpy and Creativity Research: the Case of Eminent Hungarian Painter Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka (1853-1919)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (Fall 2018) ◽  
pp. 26-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltán Kőváry
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Medical Discourse ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
Transformational Process ◽  
Creativity Research ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The problems of eminent creativity and its connection with clinical phenomena have long been in the focus of psychology and psychiatry research. A “madness and genius” narrative has existed for ages, but it became significant in the 19th century, and remained highly influential until today. Psychiatrists, representatives of the medical discourse, developed pathography as a method in the end of the 19th century in order to study how illness affects life-works and cre- ative process. In the beginning of the 20th century Sigmund Freud formed another approach, psychobiography, which is not based on using different diagnostic categories; instead it is try- ing to unfold the interrelations between life history, psychodynamics and the creative process. In this recent article I will try to demonstrate the differences between the two approaches by concentrating on an outstanding Hungarian painter Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka, whose life history contains serious clinical aspects. Instead of following traditional clinical endeavors, in my approach I will take illness as a Jaspersian existential “boundary situation” that contributes the transformation of the whole personality. This transformational process does not lack pro- gressive and regressive elements, and by analyzing its dynamics we can understand how creative activity—along with the feeling of evocation—can evolve and maintain the cohesion of the self by integrating traumatic emotional experiences.

Succession Rights of Muslim Women in the Modern World: An Analytical Appraisal

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-135
Author(s):  
Mohd Altaf Hussain Ahangar
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Uniform Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Law Of Succession ◽  
The 19Th Century

Islam allows women the right to succession on the principle of a double share to a man and a single share to a woman. This principle is in reality an improvement on the operating law even in the 19th century wherein women were totally excluded from succession. Presently all Muslims are not governed by a uniform succession law. There are Muslim countries where the Shari‛ah is followed in theory while in reality a woman is excluded from inheritance. There are Muslim countries where Muslim women are allowed equal succession rights with men. Most non-Muslim countries have a uniform law of succession for all its citizens. This article addresses the question as to whether the modern law operating particularly in non-Muslim countries in comparison to Islamic law does better justice to nearer female heirs.

scholarly journals The Italian Experiment

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio Benaim
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Psychiatric Reform ◽  
Mental Hospitals ◽  
Age Of Enlightenment ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the beginning of the 19th century Italy was in the forefront of psychiatric reform. The question as to whether it was Chiarugi (1759–1820) or Pinel (1745–1826) who was the first to unchain patients in mental hospitals has remained unanswered. With the death of Chiarugi, however, the age of enlightenment, which he had heralded, faded and conditions in Italian hospitals reverted to their former state.

scholarly journals Arkistotoimen organisointi Suomen senaatissa kaksi vuosisataa sitten

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eljas Orrman
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Administrative Process ◽  
National Archives ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Grand Duchy

The paper deals with the organization of records and archives management in the middle of 1810s at the Senate, i. e. the supreme administrative board of the Grand Duchy of Finland, belonging to the Russian Empire. Also the reasons why the creation of the position of an archivist at the Senate was proposed by the Senate to the Emperor-Grand Duke Alexander I are dealt with. Likewise the administrative process resulting in the appointment of the first archivist is described. The new position of archivist at the Senate formed the embryo of the National Archives of Finland in our days. The international, especially Swedish and Russian background, to the establishment of this position is also described. It becomes evident why the new position got the title “archivist” (in Swedish: arkivarie), not “actuary” (in Swedish: aktuarie). In the Russian administration an archivist was responsible for the preservation of noncurrent and semi-current records but in the Swedish administration this title was very seldom used in the beginning of the 19th century. There actuaries were in charge of the preservation of noncurrent and semi-current records.

scholarly journals BANDAR SUKABUMI IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH CENTURY: THE ROLE OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER-CITY IN KOTAWARINGIN REGION, SOUTHWESTERN KALIMANTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-136
Author(s):  
Moh Ali Fadillah
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
River City ◽  
The Government ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Pragmatic Aspects

Kotawaringin is the name of a small kingdom founded in the first half of the 17th century, centered in Kotawaringin Lama on the upper reaches of Sungai Lamandau, in southwestern Kalimantan. In the early 19th century the royal capital was moved to Pangkalan Bun. The shift of the capital city is an important factor in the history of human geography as a cause of changes in demography and urbanization. This research aimed to find clarity about the agglomeration of river cities in terms of symbolic and pragmatic aspects. Such aspects include the origin, existence, reasons for shifting capital and the type of culture that underlies the function of Kotawaringin as a center of government and trade that grew during the early colonial period. The research used methods which were carried out by observing sites indicated as capitals and ports, combining it with studies of historical sources, as well as collecting physical evidence, including a number of symbolic objects associated with royal legitimacy. Results of contextual analysis provide a set of knowledge about the growth of river city as the implementation of the spatial planning policy of the government and the support of urban communities rooted in Malay culture. The Kingdom of Kotawaringin reached a peak of progress during the reign of Prince Ratu Imanuddin, after the capital was moved to Pangkalan Bun from Kotawaringin Lama. The location of the new capital is on the lower reaches of the Sungai Lamandau, precisely on the banks of the Sungai Arut, which was formerly called Bandar Sukabumi. Kotawaringin adalah nama sebuah kerajaan kecil yang didirikan pada paruh pertama abad ke-17 Masehi, berpusat di Kotawaringin Lama di kawasan hulu Sungai Lamandau, di barat daya Kalimantan. Pada awal abad ke-19 Masehi, ibukota kerajaan dipindahkan ke Pangkalan Bun. Pergeseran ibukota merupakan faktor penting dalam sejarah geografi manusia sebagai penyebab perubahan demografi dan urbanisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kejelasan tentang aglomerasi kota sungai ditinjau dari aspek simbolik dan pragmatis. Aspek-aspek tersebut mencakup asal usul, keberadaan, alasan perpindahan ibukota dan jenis budaya yang mendasari fungsi Kotawaringin sebagai pusat pemerintahan dan perdagangan yang tumbuh pada masa kolonial awal. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yang dilakukan dengan mengamati situs-situs yang diindikasikan sebagai ibukota dan pelabuhan, memadukannya dengan studi sumber-sumber sejarah, serta mengumpulkan bukti-bukti fisik, termasuk sejumlah benda simbolis yang terkait dengan legitimasi kerajaan. Hasil analisis kontekstual memberikan seperangkat pengetahuan tentang pertumbuhan kota sungai sebagai implementasi kebijakan perencanaan tata ruang pemerintah, dan dukungan masyarakat kota yang berakar pada budaya Melayu. Kerajaan Kotawaringin mencapai puncak kemajuan pada masa pemerintahan Pangeran Ratu Imanuddin, setelah ibu kota dipindahkan ke Pangkalan Bun dari Kotawaringin Lama. Lokasi ibu kota baru berada di bagian hilir Sungai Lamandau, tepatnya di tepi Sungai Arut yang dahulu dinamai Bandar Sukabumi.

scholarly journals The Historiography of Islamic Law: The Case of Tārīkh al-Tashrī‘ Literature

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 369
Author(s):  
Arif Maftuhin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Academic Paper ◽  
History Of ◽  
Islamic Historiography ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Western Historiography ◽  
Initial Exploration

Tārīkh al-Tashrī‘ (the history of sharia affairs) is a relatively new genre of Islamic historiography and very popular among students of Islamic Law. Despite its popularity, academics of Islamic historiography seem not interested in studying it. There is hardly any academic paper seriously studied the literature. This paper is a first effort to explore the Tārīkhu’t-tashrī‘ literature through a historiographical analysis. As an initial exploration, it argues that Tārīkh al-Tashrī‘ is the latest development of Islamic historiography, developed in the 19th century, but it is a genre of the old Islamic historiography with some new elements. The new elements are influenced by both modern Western historiography and the need to re-open the supposedly closed gate of ijtihād. The paper studied books of Tārīkh al-Tashrī‘ available during the research between 2013-2015. [Tārīkh al-Tashrī‘ adalah genre yang relatif ‘baru’ dalam matarantai perkembangan historiografi Islam­. Literatur ini sangat popular dan menjadi mata kuliah wajib di fakultas-fakultas Syariah di Indonesia maupun Timur Tengah. Hanya saja, meskipun ia sangat populer sebagai mata pelajaran, Tārīkh al-Tashrī‘ belum banyak menarik minat para peneliti historiografi. Makalah in berusaha mengeksplorasi literatur Tārīkh al-Tashrī‘ dengan pendekatan historiografi. Makalah ini berpendapat bahwa Tārīkh al-Tashrī‘, meski terlihat ‘modern’ dari segi kelahirannya, tidak banyak berbeda dengan literatur historiografi klasik. Perbedaan terjadi karena adanya pengaruh historiografi Barat dalam model penulisannya dan karena kebutuhan untuk membuka kembali pintu ijtihad yang tertutup. Kajian dilakukan terhadap kitab-kitab Tārīkh al-Tashrī‘ yang dapat ditemukan selama riset antara 2013-2015 ]

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