scholarly journals IS THERE AN IDEAL AGE TO WIN AN OLYMPIC MEDAL?

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Ildikó Balatoni ◽  
Ágnes Jenes ◽  
Nikolett Kosztin ◽  
László Csernoch
Keyword(s):  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
Online Database ◽  
Examination Period ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Individual Sports

Knowledge of the age at which elite athletes achieve peak performance could provide invaluable information for the athletes to plan their career, to carefully select sports events promising successful participation. We aimed to identify the age at which top athletes achieved their Olympic medals, and to observe any changes in the average medal-winning age over the last decades. The age of Olympic medallists between 1960 Rome and 2016 Rio were collected using an online database. Data were gathered from the following individual sports: track and field, swimming, fencing (foil, épée, saber), triple jump, long jump, high jump, and wrestling (57 events all together). The study evaluates and compares the trends in the age of the winners in each discipline. Disciplines of this study show one of the two trends: the trend of increasing age, or trend of decreasing in age. In those disciplines, in which the Olympic medallists were younger than 26 years at the beginning of the examination period, such as swimming, the medallists became older over the decades. In those disciplines, however, in which the top three were older than 26 years at the beginning of the examination period, such as fencers, younger and younger athletes won their Olympic medals as time went by. The age and the trend in the changes of the age of the medallists in the examined disciplines support the theory of an optimal age, being around 26 years.

scholarly journals Maturation, morphological, motor and technical characteristics of under 16 female track and field athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Verbena de Freitas ◽  
Francisco Zacaron Werneck ◽  
Renato Siqueira de Souza ◽  
Phelipe Henrique Cardoso de Castro ◽  
António José Figueiredo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Youth Development ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Speed ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
Predicted Height ◽  
Shot Put

Abstract There is growing interest in identifying morphological, motor, maturation characteristics, as well as their changes, of children and adolescents in systematized training in various sports. Knowledge of these characteristics is important for coaches and researchers because they provide parameters for assessing youth development during training. For track and field, studies on the category under 16 are scarce. Thus, the objectives of this study are to describe the profile and to design a percentile table of morphological, motor, maturation and event-specific variables of under 16 athletes. 105 young athletes were evaluated on two consecutive days. On the first day, an anamnesis of athletes and coaches was performed. Anthropometric and anaerobic measurements were analyzed in shot put, long jump, 800 m run. On the second day, flexibility, vertical impulse, upper limb strength, speed and maximal aerobic speed were evaluated. The biological maturation was evaluated by the percentage of the predicted height. A table with percentiles was prepared with the data of all athletes. Another table with the results of the whole group plus mean and standard deviation was prepared. A last table was prepared containing data divided by group of sports events. The morphological variables presented differences between the groups as to body mass, BMI and sum of skinfolds. Significant differences were observed only for the motor variable VMA. No significant differences were observed only for long jump. When divided by groups, it was evident that throwers are different from the other athletes in some morphologic variables and in specific sports events.

scholarly journals Injuries in Collegiate Track and Field Jumping: A 2-Year Prospective Surveillance Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 232596712097339
Author(s):  
Shota Enoki ◽  
Mami Nagao ◽  
Soju Ishimatsu ◽  
Takuya Shimizu ◽  
Rieko Kuramochi
Keyword(s):  
Track And Field ◽  
Flexor Hallucis Longus ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Hamstring Strain ◽  
Muscle Rupture ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Pole Vault ◽  
Type Of Injury

Background: Athletes participating in track and field jumping events (long jump, triple jump, high jump, and pole vault) are exposed to ground-reaction forces on the takeoff leg that are several times their body weight. This can cause injuries specific to such activities. Purpose: To determine the incidence of injuries in collegiate jumpers using the guidelines set forth by a 2014 consensus statement on injury surveillance during track and field events. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A total of 51 jumpers between April 2016 and March 2017 and 54 jumpers between April 2017 and March 2018 participated in this study. All athletes were from a single college in Japan. Baseline information on athletes participating in the long jump, triple jump, high jump, and pole vault was collected at study enrollment. Practice and competition exposures were reported by the team trainer. Injury incidence was calculated as the number of injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs). Results: A total of 147 injuries were reported among 16,998 exposures (8.65 injuries per 1000 AEs). The most common injury locations were the posterior thigh and lateral ankle (17.0%), followed by the posterior foot or toe (12.9%); the most frequent type of injury was strain/muscle rupture/tear (21.1%). The most common injury for long jumpers was ankle sprain (23.3%); for high jumpers, flexor hallucis longus tendinosis (15.8%); and for pole vaulters, hamstring strain (13.2%). Conclusion: The overall characteristics are different for each event; therefore, injuries for each event need to be investigated.

scholarly journals Track and Field and Physics: Long Jump

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Jae Kyun RYU
Keyword(s):  
Track And Field ◽  
Long Jump

scholarly journals Structure of Achievement Motivation Dispositions in Elite and Non-Elite Track and Field Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
Anna Pietrzak ◽  
Aleksandra Tokarz
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Implicit Theories ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Athletic Competence

AbstractAchievement motivation is a distinguishing disposition in elite and non-elite athletes. Implicit theories and competence perception influence the types of achievement goals and constitute separate achievement motivation dispositions. The context of sport promotes various achievement goals and implicit theories about athletic competence. For this reason, scientific research should focus on the intrapersonal profiles of achievement motivation dispositions (achievement goals, implicit theories, and competence perception) instead of specifying only one of them. This study explores differences between elite and non-elite athletes in terms of intrapersonal profiles of achievement motivation dispositions. 54 elite and 50 non-elite track and field athletes took part in the study. The results suggest that athletes tend to perceive their competence accurately. Cluster analysis of the studied dispositions was conducted. The clusters present sets of achievement dispositions that vary in intensity. Moreover, the results present trends of the differences between elite and non-elite athletes in two of the three clusters obtained in the study.

Policy Harmonization: The Example of Global Antidoping Policy

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barrie Houlihan
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Regime Theory ◽  
International Level ◽  
Global Policy ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Individual Sports

The article provides an analysis of the transition of antidoping policy from a series of relatively discrete processes, confined to individual sports, events, or countries, to a global policy that comprises a complex network of relationships involving governmental and nongovernmental organizations. Regime theory is used to examine the nature of the policy process at the international level, focusing particularly on the difficulties of defining the objective of harmonization and of achieving compliance. The characteristics of the regime are identified, and issues of resource dependence, capacity building, verification of compliance, and the increasing centrality of government to policy implementation are examined. Despite the constant risk of defection and the tensions within the regime, the conclusion is drawn that the regime should not be deemed ineffective. Increasing effectiveness, however, is likely to occur at the cost of progressive marginalization of sports organizations.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Elite Athletes Training Management Efficiency Based on Multiple Criteria Measure of Conditioning Using Fewer Data

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandras Krylovas ◽  
Natalja Kosareva ◽  
Rūta Dadelienė ◽  
Stanislav Dadelo
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Weighted Least Squares ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
Sports Industry ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Target Values ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Olympic Games

Innovative solutions and techniques in the sports industry are commonly used and tested in real conditions. Elite athletes have to achieve their peak performance before the main competition of the year, which is the World Championship, and every fourth year before the Olympic Games, when the main competition of athletes takes place. The present study aims to analyze and evaluate the ability of elite kayakers to achieve the best form at the right times, with the Olympic Games taking the greatest importance. Target values for multiple measures of conditioning are compared to target values set by experts. A weighted least squares metric with weights varied by time period is developed as a measure of fulfillment of the athletes’ conditioning plans. The novelty of the paper is the idea of using linear combination of polynomials and trigonometric functions for approximating the target functions and application of the proposed methodology for the optimization and evaluation of athletic training.

Training Load, Neuromuscular Readiness, and Perceptual Fatigue Profile in Youth Elite Long-Jump Athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1034-1038
Author(s):  
Alberto Franceschi ◽  
Daniele Conte ◽  
Marco Airale ◽  
Jaime Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Jump Test ◽  
Long Jump

Purpose: To describe and identify individual trends and changes in training load, neuromuscular readiness, and perceptual fatigue measures in 2 youth elite long jumpers, finalists at the European Athletics U18 (Under 18) Championships (athlete A, female, age 16.5 y, long-jump record 6.25 m; athlete B, male, age 16.0 y, long-jump record 7.28 m). Methods: Data were collected from both training sessions and athletics competitions during a 16-week period, divided into a preparation (weeks 1–8) and a competitive phase (weeks 9–16). Training load was computed through training diaries (training time, sprint, jumping, and weights volume). The countermovement jump and the 10-to-5 repeated-jump test were executed on a weekly basis to assess neuromuscular readiness, and perceptual fatigue measures were collected through a wellness questionnaire. Statistical analysis was conducted using a magnitude-based decisions approach. Results: The results highlighted a decrease in training load during the competitive period with moderate to large differences for training time, sprint, and jump volume. Moreover, data showed an upward trend and very likely higher scores in vertical-jump performance across the competitive phase together with a very likely lower perceptual fatigue. Conclusions: This scenario seemed to be favorable to achieve competition performance very close to the personal record during the competitive season. This study provided an example of application of a comprehensive monitoring system with young athletes involved in track-and-field jumping events.

Reasons for Career Termination in Danish Elite Athletes: Investigating Gender Differences and the Time-point as Potential Correlates

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Moesch
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Being There ◽  
Career Termination ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Introduction: Career termination, an inevitable step in every athlete’s career, has received increased attention within sport psychological research. A career termination that results in psychological problems is of special concern for sport federations, organizations and clubs. Research has shown that it is crucial to consider an athlete’s the reason for career termination. There is evidence that the causes of an involuntary and unplanned career termination are disadvantageous for athletes’ well-being. There are many important aspects of career termination, such as cultural and social aspects, gender, and the time-point of the occurrence. The present study therefore aims at investigating the causes of career termination and possible correlates with gender and the time-point thereof among Danish elite athletes. Method: Data was gathered from 68 retired Danish elite athletes about their reasons for career termination and about its time-point. A qualitative analysis with the reasons mentioned by the athletes was performed. Moreover, t-tests and chi-square tests were conducted to analyze differences between males and females, and among athletes ending their career at different time-points in their career. Results: The results revealed 10 different reasons given for career termination with lack of motivation, injury or health problems and family related reasons being the top three. Female athletes mentioned that they ended their career due to family-related reasons more often than their male peers. More than a third of all athletes ended their career before their perceived achievement of peak performance. Financial reasons seemed to be of more importance for career termination for athletes ending their career before or at peaking, whereas family-related reasons were more often mentioned by athletes during or after their performance peak. Discussion and conclusion: The results of the study provide an overview of the career termination reasons of Danish elite athletes, which can provide practitioners and organizations with helpful insight when designing respective interventions. When planning such interventions it could be advantageous to deliver specific support for women to enable them to optimally combine family life with an elite sport career.

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