Policy Harmonization: The Example of Global Antidoping Policy

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barrie Houlihan
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Regime Theory ◽  
International Level ◽  
Global Policy ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Individual Sports

The article provides an analysis of the transition of antidoping policy from a series of relatively discrete processes, confined to individual sports, events, or countries, to a global policy that comprises a complex network of relationships involving governmental and nongovernmental organizations. Regime theory is used to examine the nature of the policy process at the international level, focusing particularly on the difficulties of defining the objective of harmonization and of achieving compliance. The characteristics of the regime are identified, and issues of resource dependence, capacity building, verification of compliance, and the increasing centrality of government to policy implementation are examined. Despite the constant risk of defection and the tensions within the regime, the conclusion is drawn that the regime should not be deemed ineffective. Increasing effectiveness, however, is likely to occur at the cost of progressive marginalization of sports organizations.

Budgetary Authority and Coalition Management

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Chaisty ◽  
Nic Cheeseman ◽  
Timothy J. Power
Keyword(s):  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
System Level ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
Government Transparency ◽  
Discretionary Spending ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Coalition Size

This chapter considers how presidents use their budget powers and the allocation of targeted discretionary spending to manage their coalitions. It considers the costs of budget tool deployment (in terms of time, controversy, and economic resources), and the factors that affect these costs: system-level factors (government transparency, federalism, personal-vote elections), coalition-level factors (coalition size, fragmentation, and heterogeneity), and conjunctural factors (economic crises and energy prices). It explores these factors with cases of budget tool deployment in Ukraine, Ecuador, and Russia. The Ecuadorean and Russian cases illustrate the divergent effects of resource dependence on the cost of budget tool dependence. Finally, it uses data from MP surveys to show the high value that legislators attribute to budget tools, and to illustrate how the composition of coalitions affects the costs that presidents are likely to face.

Criminal Liability of Athletes for Damage Caused as a Result of Violation of the Rules of Sports Events

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
D. A. Bezborodov ◽  
◽  
R. M. Kravchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Sports Injuries ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Sports Training ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
The Relationship

The article deals with issues related to the characteristics of the qualification of causing injury or death to an athlete during sports events. The article analyzes the possibility of applying the provisions of certain circumstances that exclude the criminality of the act. Take into account that the relationship between the participants of sports competitions and sports training, while relationships at the same time are not regulated by the law and sports regulations sports, and the internal rules of sports organizations, defining the organization of the training process. Therefore, the issues related to the influence of special rules regulating the procedure for conducting sports competitions and other sporting events on the features of criminal liability (in particular, guilt), both athletes and other persons who ensure the conduct of sports events, are studied specifically. It is taken into account that modern legislation and law enforcement often ignores this requirement, which, in particular, is expressed in the failure to include the facts of sports injuries in the list of crimes in the field of sports. First of all, the article analyzes the issues of criminal-legal assessment of an athlete's act in the event of injury to health or death to another athlete, given that in sports, harm is usually caused unintentionally, by negligence. Therefore, the work analyzes the risks, harm to health, as well as measures that should have been taken by the organizers of the competition to avoid causing harm, taking into account that all these issues are evaluative. The characteristic of harming an athlete while observing the rules of events by his opponent is given. The question of how the rules relating to a particular sport can exempt a person from liability for causing harm is being investigated.

Administrative Leadership in Policy Review and Evaluation

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Starratt
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Administrative Leadership ◽  
Policy Initiative ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
Implementation Evaluation ◽  
Policy Review ◽  
Building Level ◽  
Conventional Paradigm ◽  
Policy Setting

The conventional paradigm of the policy process is that state or federal level legislators and agency heads set policy; agency bureaucrats write the guidelines and specifications; administrators at various levels down to the building level administrators implement the policy initiative; research specialists in program and policy implementation evaluation assess the effects of the policy and report back to those who set the policy. This paper argues that administrators at the state, district, or building level should review and evaluate policy, thereby joining their perspectives to and enriching the conversion between the policy setting and policy evaluating communities.

Training Professionals for Cross-Boundary Planning

2005 ◽  
Vol 1931 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Pieter M. Schrijnen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Learning Organization ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Dutch Policy ◽  
Training Professionals ◽  
Constructivist Perspective ◽  
Planning Concepts ◽  
The Cost

For decades, Dutch transport policies have been dominated by two themes: congestion and environment. Extensive research has revealed planning concepts that can improve the performance of transportation networks and reduce the environmental impact of traffic and transport by using spatial planning policies. Such concepts were introduced in the Dutch policy realm with little success, and there remains a lack of cooperation between the fields of traffic and transport and spatial planning and between various levels of government–-at the cost of accessibility and the environment. The recent shift in Dutch traffic and spatial policies to decentralize power and policy implementation from the national to the regional level might encourage regional transport and spatial planners to integrate the policy realms toward cooperation or even to collaboration. This article describes the design of training for transport engineers and spatial planners to improve their abilities to cooperate successfully and to work more effectively on the regional themes of accessibility and environmental impact. The training focuses on projects that can be characterized as cross-boundary cooperation. The training is based on the theories and practices of the learning organization and on a constructivist perspective on learning.

Visions of Tourism: From Modernization to Sustainability

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Stronza ◽  
Carter Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Airline Industry ◽  
Credit Cards ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
International Level ◽  
Mass Tourism ◽  
The World ◽  
Carbon Neutral ◽  
Regional Airline ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sustainability Report

We live in an era where the heavy-weights of the tourism industry tout sustainability. Even Hilton, a name practically synonymous with mass tourism, promises to "lead the industry with products and programs" that not only "deliver great guest experiences," but also "protect the world we live in." Holland America Cruises publishes an annual "sustainability report," which includes not only the number of passengers abroad and nautical miles traveled, but also the total tons of carbon emitted. In the airline industry, Costa Rica's regional airline -NatureAir is the world's first carbon neutral airline, automatically including the cost of carbon off-sets into the fares of its regional flights. At the international level, Virgin America now offers passengers the opportunity to swipe their credit cards through their seat-back "Red" entertainment consoles and purchase carbon off-sets while in flight.

Competing teammates: food in New Zealand sports settings

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary-Ann Carter ◽  
Louise N Signal ◽  
Richard Edwards ◽  
Janet Hoek
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Nutrition Policies ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Key Informant

AbstractDespite the global popularity of sport, we know surprisingly little about food in sports settings. This two-phased study analysed the foods available in New Zealand sports settings. Phase one included a systematic literature review and 18 interviews with key informants from national and regional sporting organizations. Phase two involved 37 key informant interviews with stakeholders from two exemplar sports, rugby and netball and direct observations at netball and rugby venues. This study found most foods and beverages at New Zealand sports events were energy-dense and nutrient-poor. Caterers’ control over food provision, socio-cultural attitudes which view unhealthy foods as normal, and a dominant profit motive, appear to be the key factors influencing the food environment in sports settings. Food environments in sport settings provide frequent opportunities to purchase and consume energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods. The research shows we have competing players in the sports context—unhealthy food and healthy physical activity. Achieving sustainable healthy change in sports settings will be challenging when the prevailing attitude normalizes the unhealthy environment. Nutrition policies in sports clubs are urgently needed to increase the availability of healthy food. This requires support from health agencies and leadership from national sports organizations. Given the international nature of the food industry and sport, these findings from New Zealand may assist other countries to better understand the nature of food in sport and adopt appropriate interventions to reduce the obesogenic environment that is sport.

scholarly journals Comparative Financial Analysis of Conventional and Islamic Banks of Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Abdul Halim* (Corresponding Author) ◽  
Md. Nazmul Islam (Corresponding Author) ◽  
Abdul Gaffar Khan
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Good Position ◽  
Insurance Premiums ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Conventional And Islamic Banks

This study investigated the financial performance of Bangladesh's State-Owned Commercial Banks, Islami Shariah Based Private commercial Banks and Conventional Private Commercial Banks over 12 years from 2006 to 2017. The objective of this study is to find out the financial performance of a bank based on CAMEL indicators. The finding of this study is that Islami Shariah Based Private commercial Banks and Conventional Private Commercial Banks has a good position than State-Owned Commercial Banks. Specific, Pubali Bank Limited, Standard Bank Limited, Prime Bank Limited, City Bank Limited and Al-Arafah Islami Bank Limited are in the best position in Bangladesh under this study. We also found that the performance of State-Owned Commercial Banks is not good. This study gives a policy implementation according to results. 1. State-Owned Commercial Banks should restructure the infrastructure. 2. It needs more emphasis on efficiency and effectiveness to control the cost and loan investment. 3. It will be required to pay more in insurance premiums. 4. It should be born in mine, for higher rating banks. We suggest to a higher number of rating banks that it’s hinders a bank's ability to expand by investing, consolidating, or adding more branches. We also suggest to all lower rating banks. The institutions with a poor rating will be required to pay more in insurance premiums.

scholarly journals COSTING CRIME: What value is there for policy making?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Frank
Keyword(s):  
Policy Process ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Great Care ◽  
Cost Of Crime ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Media ◽  
Public Sectors ◽  
The Cost

Studies that purport to count the cost of crime have wide appeal in the private and public sectors, and in the media. Information on the cost of a particular problem and its solution can no doubt assist decision makers. But in the case of crime, assessing the ‘cost’ is so fraught with difficulty that the results hardly seem worth the effort. Some kinds of ‘cost of crime’ studies are more beneficial to the policy process than others, and the findings need to be used with great care.

scholarly journals Influence of Perceived Value and Innovation on the Propensity to Use Sports Tourism Websites among University Students: The Moderating Effects of Age and Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 478
Author(s):  
Marwan Taha Abed Rabee ◽  
Roxana Dev Bt Omar Dev ◽  
Tengku Fadilah Tengku Kamalden ◽  
Ahmad Nasrulloh ◽  
Seyedali Ahrari
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Perceived Value ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Sports Tourism ◽  
Tourism Websites ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Study Offer

Abstract: In this study, the researchers sought to understand the effects perceived value and innovation have on the propensity of university students to use sports tourism websites. This study also examined the moderating roles of age and education on this usage. University students (N = 354; 292 women and 62 men) from a public university in Malaysia were surveyed for this study. The findings revealed that perceived value and innovation significantly influence the propensity to use sports tourism websites among university students. The results also showed that both age and education significantly moderated their purposed associations. The findings of this study offer sports website managers, as well as policymakers in sports organizations, an insight that will aid in the development of effective online strategies to attract young users to engage with sports tourism websites. This study also informs managers and researchers about the importance of age and education when considering the relationship between predictors and the propensity of users to use sports tourism websites. Keywords: Propensity to use websites, tourism, sports events, personal characteristics, perceived benefits, innovation.

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