Evaluation of Iron Concentration of Five Nigerian Shrubs for their Prospective use in the Therapy of Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)

Medicinal herbs are commonly being used in the treatment of anemia traditionally and Jatropha tanjorensis Ellis & Saroja, Vernonia amygdalina Delile, Manihot esculenta Crantz, Megaskepasma erythrochlamys Lindau, Solanum macrocarpon L. are local shrubs mostly employed. This study aims to analyze the prospective use of some local shrubs in the therapy of Iron Deficiency Anemia. The proximate composition analysis and the iron content in leaves of the shrubs were determined following the methods of the association of official analytical chemists (A.O.A.C). The results obtained for iron concentration show Jatropha tanjorensis 3.11g/kg, Vernonia amygdalina 1.64g/kg, Manihot esculenta 0.57g/kg, Megaskepasma erythrochlamys 1.23g/kg, and Solanum macrocarpon 2.75g/kg. The range of proximate composition as; protein had Megaskepasma erythrochlamys as the lowest value 3.97% and Vernonia amygdalina as the highest value 50.64%, fat & oil content showed Jatropha tanjorensis with the highest value 1.04% and Megaskepasma erythrochlamys having the lowest value 29.77%, Fiber content showed Vernonia amygdalina has the highest value 1.81% and Solanum macrocarpon has the lowest 12.08%, the carbohydrate content showed Megaskepasma erythrochlamys as the lowest value 2.39% and Manihot esculenta as the highest value 21.02%, and the moisture content showed Manihot esculenta has the lowest value 9.98% and Megaskepasma erythrochlamys has the highest value 83.25%. All five plants have great potential for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia.

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Macrophage Iron, Hepcidin, and Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability

Experimental Biology and Medicine ◽

10.3181/0703-mr-54 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 232 (8) ◽

pp. 1014-1020 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

Jerome l. Sullivan

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Atherosclerotic Plaque ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Iron Concentration ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Lesion Size ◽

The Body ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Iron Depletion

Hepcidin has emerged as the key hormone in the regulation of iron balance and recycling. Elevated levels increase iron in macrophages and inhibit gastrointestinal iron uptake. The physiology of hepcidin suggests an additional mechanism by which iron depletion could protect against atherosclerotic lesion progression. Without hepcidin, macrophages retain less iron. Very low hepcidin levels occur in iron deficiency anemia and also in homozygous hemochromatosis. There is defective retention of iron in macrophages in hemochromatosis and also evidently no increase in atherosclerosis in this disorder. In normal subjects with intact hepcidin responses, atherosclerotic plaque has been reported to have roughly an order of magnitude higher iron concentration than that in healthy arterial wall. Hepcidin may promote plaque destabilization by preventing iron mobilization from macrophages within atherosclerotic lesions; the absence of this mobilization may result in increased cellular iron loads, lipid peroxidation, and progression to foam cells. Marked downregulation of hepcidin (e.g., by induction of iron deficiency anemia) could accelerate iron loss from intralesional macrophages. It is proposed that the minimally proatherogenic level of hepcidin is near the low levels associated with iron deficiency anemia or homozygous hemochromatosis. Induced iron deficiency anemia intensely mobilizes macrophage iron throughout the body to support erythropoiesis. Macrophage iron in the interior of atherosclerotic plaques is not exempt from this process. Decreases in both intralesional iron and lesion size by systemic iron reduction have been shown in animal studies. It remains to be confirmed in humans that a period of systemic iron depletion can decrease lesion size and increase lesion stability as demonstrated in animal studies. The proposed effects of hepcidin and iron in plaque progression offer an explanation of the paradox of no increase in atherosclerosis in patients with hemochromatosis despite a key role of iron in atherogenesis in normal subjects.

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Radioactive Iron Studies in Patients with Iron Deficiency Anemia with Concurrent Abnormal Hemolysis

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v15.5.791.791 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 791-806 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

M. C. VERLOOP ◽

M. VAN DER WOLK ◽

A. J. HEIER

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Life Span ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Iron Concentration ◽

Red Cells ◽

Iron Therapy ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Red Cell ◽

Insufficient Response ◽

Cell Breakdown

Abstract A report is presented on two women suffering from severe iron deficiency anemia, concomitant with abnormal hemolysis. The life span of the patients’ red cells was shortened; transfused normal red cells were more rapidly broken down. Extracorpuscular factors seem to be responsible for the pathologic hemolysis. There was no pathologic sequestration of red cells labeled with Cr51 in the spleen. After incorporation of radioactive iron into the red cells, the utilization percentage of Fe59 under iron therapy fell to about 15 per cent within a few weeks. This, too, indicates that the pathologic hemolysis was to be ascribed to extracorpuscular factors. The Fe59 was apparently not sufficiently reutilized. The constantly decreased serum iron concentration might also indicate a disturbance in the reutilization of iron liberated during red cell breakdown. Six other patients with less severe iron deficiency anemia and an insufficient response to iron therapy were examined in addition. In 5 of these patients, the life span of red cells labeled with radioactive chromium was found shorter than normal. An insufficient response to iron therapy in patients with chronic iron deficiency anemia may be ascribable, in some instances, to concomitant pathologic hemolysis.

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Iron Chelated Cyclic Peptide, Ferrichrysin, for Oral Treatment of Iron Deficiency: Solution Properties and Efficacy in Anemic Rats

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831.77.1.13 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 13-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Suzuki ◽

Fukuda ◽

Irie ◽

Hata

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Cyclic Peptide ◽

Oral Treatment ◽

Iron Concentration ◽

Heme Iron ◽

Ferric Citrate ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Wide Range

Ferrichrysin (Fcy), which is produced by Aspergillus oryzae and is present in foods used for human consumption, belongs to a group of hydroxamate siderophore ferric iron chelators. Fcy (100 mg/mL) dissolves completely at both pH 2.0 and 7.0, being very stable at a wide range of pH, high temperatures and pressures, with little reactivity to dietary iron absorption inhibitors, phytic acid, tannic acid, and catechin. We studied the effect of Fcy in male Sprague-Dawley rats with iron-deficiency anemia, which were separated into three different dietary groups (n = 5) and supplementing diets as follows: (i) ferric citrate, (ii) heme iron concentrate, and (iii) Fcy (35 mg Fe/kg diet) for three weeks. Fcy exhibited the same beneficial effect in improving iron deficiency anemia as ferric citrate, being significantly greater than the effect of heme iron. The iron concentration of liver in the Fcy group was 35% greater than that in the ferric citrate group. These findings indicate that Fcy could be an efficient oral iron supplement to prevent or treat iron deficiency.

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Abdominal Chronic Expanding Hematoma Causing Iron-Deficiency Anemia in a Dog

Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association ◽

10.5326/jaaha-ms-6045 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 50 (5) ◽

pp. 350-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lionel Sebbag ◽

Kenneth R. Harkin ◽

Allison Habekost ◽

Sanjeev Gumber ◽

Tiffany Lee

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Serum Iron ◽

Abdominal Cavity ◽

Iron Concentration ◽

Abdominal Distention ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Surgical Removal ◽

Chronic Expanding Hematoma ◽

Serum Iron Concentration

A 2 yr old spayed female mixed-breed Irish wolfhound was referred for assessment of anemia and slowly progressing abdominal distention. At the time of admission, the dog had marked anemia and thrombocytosis, a decreased serum iron concentration, and a normal coagulation profile. An ultrasound examination showed a massive fluid-filled cavitated structure in the abdominal cavity. Paracentesis of that structure yielded a large amount of hemorrhagic fluid with an iron concentration >24 times greater than the serum iron concentration, consistent with chronic sequestration of iron, leading to iron-deficiency anemia. Blood transfusions and incomplete surgical removal of the structure allowed short-term stabilization of the patient, but the dog was euthanized 17 days postsurgery for lethargy and continued abdominal distention. Histopathological evaluation of the structure was consistent with a chronic expanding hematoma. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of intra-abdominal chronic expanding hematoma in a dog. It is also unique given its features of iron-deficiency anemia caused by internal blood loss.

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SALIVA IRON AND FERRITIN LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH THALASSEMIA AND IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases ◽

10.4084/mjhid.2012.051 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. e2012051 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Duran Canatan ◽

Sevgi Kosaci Akdeniz

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Serum Iron ◽

Iron Concentration ◽

Thalassemia Major ◽

The Body ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Control Group ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Positive Correlation

Most of the techniques for measuring iron accumulation such as serum iron concentration, iron binding capacity, serum ferritin level, liver biopsy are invasive and hard methods for patients. The changes in trace element concentrations in saliva at different systemic diseases shows the quantity of the element at the body. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of iron and ferritin in saliva and serum in patients with thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia. For this purpose, 35 healthy children as control group and 71 thalassemia major, 10 thalassemia intermedia and 15 thalassemia trait patients were involved. Their saliva and serum iron and ferritin levels were measured. There was no statistically difference between age and gender in all groups and control group (p>0.05). In all groups saliva iron levels are higher than serum iron levels(p<0.05). Furthermore there was a positive correlation betwen serum and saliva iron levels in thalassemia major, intermedia and trait groups ( p=0.000, r=0.972, r=0.720, r=0.955) and also there was a positive correlation between serum and saliva iron levels in control and iron deficiency group (p= 0.000, r= 0.885, r= 0.368). In conclusion, Saliva iron and ferritin levels increase as well as serum in patients with thalassemia and decrease in patients with iron deficiency anemia. Saliva can be used for diagnosis routinely to shows the iron overload and deficiency of the body and its easy applicability and also a non-invasive procedure is important advantage.

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