Relationship between Anxiety Disorders and Anthropometric Indices, Risk Factors, and Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disorder in Children and Adolescents

Objective: Anxiety is an unpleasant feeling characterized by symptoms of tachycardia, sweating, and stress. The exact relationship between anxiety and cardiovascular disorder is not well distinguished. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between anxiety disorders and anthropometric indices and risk factors, including fasting blood sugar (FBS), hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, according to the results, FBS low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and symptoms of cardiovascular disorder in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years. Method: In this community-based study, multistage cluster sampling method was used. We randomly selected 1174 children and adolescents who referred to Afshar hospital in Yazd, then, 167 blocks were randomly collected by each cluster head. Each cluster consisted of 6 cases, including three cases of each gender in different age groups (6-9, 10- 14, and 15-18 years). The clinical psychologists instructed the participants to complete the Persian version of Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL). In addition, cardiovascular risk factors were determined for participants and demographic data were obtained from the participants. Results: A total of 1035 children and adolescents participated in this study. The results showed that 228 of the participants (22.2%) suffered from anxiety disorder. There was an indirect significant correlation between anxiety disorder and the symptoms of heart palpitation, shortness of breath, and chest pain. There was no statistically significant relationship between the different types of anxiety disorders and FBS, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. According to the results, FBS and LDL are a predictor for anxiety disorders. Conclusion: There was a statistically significant association between anxiety in children and adolescents and some risk factors of cardiovascular disorder. Also, this study introduces some cardiovascular predictors of anxiety. However, further studies are needed in this regard.

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The Relationship Between Worry and Dimensions of Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents

Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy ◽

10.1017/s1352465816000448 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 124-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jonathan Rabner ◽

Nicholas D. Mian ◽

David A. Langer ◽

Jonathan S. Comer ◽

Donna Pincus

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Regression Model ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Separation Anxiety ◽

Child Anxiety ◽

Age Groups ◽

Separation Anxiety Disorder ◽

Older Children ◽

The Relationship

Background: Worry is a common feature across many anxiety disorders. It is important to understand how and when worry presents from childhood to adolescence to prevent long-term negative outcomes. However, most of the existing studies that examine the relationship between worry and anxiety disorders utilize adult samples. Aims: The present study aimed to assess the level of worry in children and adolescents and how relationships between worry and symptoms of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and social anxiety disorder (Soc) may present differently at different ages. Method: 127 children (age 8–12 years) and adolescents (age 13–18 years), diagnosed with any anxiety disorder, presenting at a child anxiety out-patient clinic, completed measures of worry, anxiety and depression. Results: Worry scores did not differ by age group. Soc symptoms were significantly correlated with worry in both age groups; however, SAD symptoms were only significantly correlated with worry in younger participants. After the inclusion of covariates, SAD symptoms but not Soc symptoms remained significant in the regression model with younger children, and Soc symptoms remained significant in the regression model with older children. Conclusions: The finding that worry was comparable in both groups lends support for worry as a stable construct associated with anxiety disorders throughout late childhood and early adolescence.

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Dynamic changes in amygdala activation and functional connectivity in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579414001047 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 26 (4pt2) ◽

pp. 1305-1319 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Johnna R. Swartz ◽

K. Luan Phan ◽

Mike Angstadt ◽

Kate D. Fitzgerald ◽

Christopher S. Monk

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Prolonged Exposure ◽

Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Initial Exposure ◽

Amygdala Activation ◽

Over Time

AbstractAnxiety disorders are associated with abnormalities in amygdala function and prefrontal cortex–amygdala connectivity. The majority of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have examined mean group differences in amygdala activation or connectivity in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders relative to controls, but emerging evidence suggests that abnormalities in amygdala function are dependent on the timing of the task and may vary across the course of a scanning session. The goal of the present study was to extend our knowledge of the dynamics of amygdala dysfunction by examining whether changes in amygdala activation and connectivity over scanning differ in pediatric anxiety disorder patients relative to typically developing controls during an emotion processing task. Examining changes in activation over time allows for a comparison of how brain function differs during initial exposure to novel stimuli versus more prolonged exposure. Participants included 34 anxiety disorder patients and 19 controls 7 to 19 years old. Participants performed an emotional face-matching task during functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning, and the task was divided into thirds in order to examine change in activation over time. Results demonstrated that patients exhibited an abnormal pattern of amygdala activation characterized by an initially heightened amygdala response relative to controls at the beginning of scanning, followed by significant decreases in activation over time. In addition, controls evidenced greater context-modulated prefrontal cortex–amygdala connectivity during the beginning of scanning relative to patients. These results indicate that differences in emotion processing between the groups vary from initial exposure to novel stimuli relative to more prolonged exposure. Implications are discussed regarding how this pattern of neural activation may relate to altered early-occurring or anticipatory emotion-regulation strategies and maladaptive later-occurring strategies in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders.

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Prevalence and Predictors of Dyslipidemia in Children and Adolescents in Yazd Greater Area, Yazd, Iran

10.32592/ircmj.2021.23.4.222 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

High Density Lipoprotein ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Lifestyle Modification ◽

Age Groups ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

High Density ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional

Background: Dyslipidemia, a genetic and multifactorial disorder of lipoprotein metabolism, is defined by elevations in levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non–HDL-C), triglyceride, or some combination thereof, as well as lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictors of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents in the Yazd Greater Area, Yazd, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted as a part of the national project implemented in Yazd Greater Area, Yazd, Iran. The sampling was performed using a multi-stage cluster sampling method on three age groups of girls and boys (6-9, 10-14, and 15-18 years old). Out of the total 1,035 children and adolescents who participated in this study, only 784 participants remained in the study until the end. Data collection was performed using lifestyle questionnaires including Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version. Results: The prevalence of high triglyceride was estimated at 1.4% and 4.2% in 6-9 and 10-18 years old children and adolescents, respectively. The prevalence of high cholesterol, LDL, and HDL was 3.2%, 3.2%, and 25.6%, respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in the total population of children and adolescents in terms of demographic variables was 64.6% and 57.3% in boys and girls, respectively (P=0.038). Gender and increase in body mass index were significantly associated with dyslipidemia with OR=1.35; 95% CI: 1.01-1.81 and OR=13.781; 95% CI: 3.78- 46.43, respectively. However, after adjustment for other factors, only an increase in BMI was significantly associated with dyslipidemia (OR=16.08; 95% CI: 4.49-57.59). Conclusions: Overweight and obese adolescents had a higher concentration of serum blood triglycerides, compared to other adolescents. Weight control, lifestyle modification, and diet are three ways to reduce lipid disorders in adolescents.

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Analysis of Prevalence, Influencing Factors, and Countermeasures of Short Stature in Children and Adolescents Aged 6∼14 in Furong District, Changsha City, in 2020

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/3933854 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Yanyan Li ◽

Yun Chen ◽

Xuan Xu ◽

Boyu Tan ◽

Yingbo Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Short Stature ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Socioeconomic Development ◽

Growth Hormone Level ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Average Height ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Changsha City

In recent years, children’s and adolescents’ growth and development issues have received increasing attention with the socioeconomic development. The etiology of child short stature involves heredity, race, sex, nutrition, and a variety of endocrine hormones, which is very complex. The age of 6∼14 is the key period of children’s development. Understanding the height characteristics, the prevalence of short stature, and its influencing factors at this stage and formulating preventive measures as soon as possible are conducive to improving the average height of children and reducing the incidence of short stature. In this study, cluster sampling was used to select 56,865 children and adolescents aged 6∼14 years old from 40 primary and secondary schools in Furong District of Changsha City, and the height of each child and adolescent was measured. The results showed that the overall crude prevalence of short stature in children aged 6∼14 in Furong District of Changsha is 2.82%. Growth hormone level <10 μg/L, pubertal retardation, familial short stature, low egg intake, and intrauterine growth retardation are independent risk factors affecting the occurrence of short stature. In order to improve the status quo of short stature of children aged 6∼14 in Furong District, Changsha City, targeted intervention should be strengthened for people with combined high risk factors.

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Epidemiology of anxiety disorders

New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry ◽

10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0088 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 917-927

Author(s):

Hans-Ulrich Wittchen ◽

Katja Beesdo-Baum

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Separation Anxiety ◽

Separation Anxiety Disorder ◽

Early Years ◽

Targeted Prevention ◽

Psychological Mechanisms ◽

The Life Course ◽

Pathological Anxiety

This chapter describes the prevalence, onset, course, persistence, comorbidity, and outcome, as well as correlates and risk factors of anxiety disorders, namely separation anxiety disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. The focus is laid upon the early years of life (childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood), given that most anxiety disorders have their onset at this time, typically persisting over the life course, and thus representing powerful risk factors for the onset of subsequent mental disorders such as depression and substance use disorders. Despite progress, continued research efforts are needed towards identifying which vulnerability and risk factors play a causal role for the onset and persistence of pathological anxiety. An improved understanding of the complex underlying biological and psychological mechanisms and interactions is crucial to facilitate more effective targeted prevention research and treatment.

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Online Attention Bias Modification in Combination With Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Children and Adolescents With Anxiety Disorders: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Behaviour Change ◽

10.1017/bec.2019.8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 200-215 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jasmijn M. de Lijster ◽

Gwendolyn C. Dieleman ◽

Elisabeth M.W.J. Utens ◽

Jan van der Ende ◽

Tamsin M. Alexander ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Attention Bias ◽

Behavioural Therapy ◽

Attention Bias Modification ◽

Cognitive Behavioural ◽

Secondary Outcomes ◽

Bias Modification

AbstractAttention Bias Modification (ABM) targets attention bias (AB) towards threat, which is common in youth with anxiety disorders. Previous clinical trials showed inconsistent results regarding the efficacy of ABM, and few studies have examined the effect of online ABM and its augmented effect with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). The aim of the current study was to examine the efficacy of online ABM combined with CBT for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Children (aged 8–16 years) completed nine online sessions of ABM (n= 28) or online sessions of the Attention Control Condition (ACC;n= 27) over a period of 3 weeks (modified dot-probe task with anxiety disorder-congruent stimuli), followed by CBT. Primary outcomes were clinician-reported anxiety disorder status. Secondary outcomes were patient-reported anxiety and depression symptoms and AB. Results showed a continuous decrease across time in primary and secondary outcomes (ps < .001). However, no differences across time between the ABM and ACC group were found (ps > .50). Baseline AB and age did not moderate treatment effects. Online ABM combined with CBT does not show different efficacy compared with online ACC with CBT for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders.

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Anxiety disorders in an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder clinical sample

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/s0004-282x2005000300008 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 63 (2b) ◽

pp. 407-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Isabella Souza ◽

Maria Antônia Pinheiro ◽

Paulo Mattos

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Clinical Sample ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Separation Anxiety Disorder ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of anxiety disorders in a clinical referred sample of children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD: 78 children and adolescents with ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria were investigated with a semi-structured interview (P-CHIPS), complemented by clinical interviews with the children or adolescents and their parents. Their IQ was calculated with neuropsychological testing. RESULTS: A high prevalence of anxiety disorders (23.05%) was found in the sample. Generalized anxiety disorder was the most prevalent disorder (12,8%), followed by social phobia (3,84%) and separation anxiety disorder (3,8%). Two children showed more than one anxiety disorder. CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents with ADHD seem to be more prone to have comorbid anxiety disorders, at least in clinical samples referred to specialized units.

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The multidimensional evaluation and treatment of anxiety in children and adolescents: rationale, design, methods and preliminary findings

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1590/s1516-44462011000200015 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 181-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Giovanni Abrahão Salum ◽

Luciano Rassier Isolan ◽

Vera Lúcia Bosa ◽

Andrea Goya Tocchetto ◽

Stefania Pigatto Teche ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Separation Anxiety ◽

Treatment Phase ◽

Diagnostic Interview ◽

Separation Anxiety Disorder ◽

Design Methods ◽

Community Screening ◽

Multidimensional Evaluation

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the design, methods and sample characteristics of the Multidimensional Evaluation and Treatment of Anxiety in Children and Adolescents - the PROTAIA Project. METHOD: Students between 10 and 17 years old from all six schools belonging to the catchment area of the Primary Care Unit of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre were included in the project. It comprises five phases: (1) a community screening phase; (2) a psychiatric diagnostic phase; (3) a multidimensional assessment phase evaluating environmental, neuropsychological, nutritional, and biological factors; (4) a treatment phase, and (5) a translational phase. RESULTS: A total of 2,457 subjects from the community were screened for anxiety disorders. From those who attended the diagnostic interview, we identified 138 individuals with at least one anxiety disorder (apart from specific phobia) and 102 individuals without any anxiety disorder. Among the anxiety cases, generalized anxiety disorder (n = 95; 68.8%), social anxiety disorder (n = 57; 41.3%) and separation anxiety disorder (n = 49; 35.5%) were the most frequent disorders. CONCLUSION: The PROTAIA Project is a promising research project that can contribute to the knowledge of the relationship between anxiety disorders and anxiety-related phenotypes with several genetic and environmental risk factors.

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